资源描述：
《divisionv欧洲文化入门复习脉络》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在应用文档-天天文库。
第五章复习脉络I、Thefirsttimetolookatmen'splaceintheUniversestartedinthe17thcentury.2>Inmodernism,men'spositionintheuniversewaslookedatinafreshnewway.3、Theworldoutlookofeducatedmenwastransformed・Therewasaprofound（j采远白勺）changeintheconceptionofmen'splaceintheuniverse•（人在宇'由屮的位.置）4^The17thcenturyphilosophywasfocusonmaterialistinnature.5>17thcenturyScience:☆physics☆mathematics☆chemistrybiologypsychology6^Themodernworld,sofarasmentaloutlookisconcerned,beginsinthe17thcentury•现代世界从何时开始7>Kepler'sLawsformedthebasisofallmodemplanetaryastronomyandledtoNewton'sdiscoveryofthelawsofgravitation8、thelawsofgravitation（万有引力的内容）:thesun,themoon,theearth,theplanets,andalltheotherbodies（天体）intheuniversemoveinaccordancewiththesamebasicforce,whichiscallgravitation.9^FrancisBacon^sworks►TheAdvancementofLearning►TheNewAtlantis>TheNovumOrganum（NewMethod）Essays（《散文集》）10>EssaysarcBacon'smostwidelyreadwork・58essayswereincluded・II、FrancisBacon①Knowledgeispower.（知识就是力量）②Virtueislikepreciousodours—mostfragrantwhentheyarcincensedorcrushed・品德像宝贵的气味一当被压碎或焚香时很芳香（3）Somebooksarctobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefcwtobechewedanddigested.④Readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.（纯粹的人）读书可以使人成竹在胸⑤Historiesmakemenwise.（学史可以使人明智!⑥Wivesarcyoungmen'smistresses,companionsforthemiddle-aged,andoldmerfsnurses.12、TomasHobbes>Leviathan13>theGreatInstaurationtobreakwiththepast,andtorestoremantohislostmasteryofthenaturalworld.ThiswaswhatBaconcalledtheGreatInstauration.（大恢复理论）14、InductivemethodInductivemethodwasestablishedbyFrancisBaconin17thcentury・Inductionmeansreasoning（扌隹理）fromparticularfactsorindividualeasestoageneralconclusion.（从特殊扌隹一般）.InductionwasputoveragainstDeductivemethod・15>Allourideasarcultimatelyderivedfromsensation（感受）orfromreflection（反思）andthesetwomakeupexperienceandallourknowledgespringsfromexperienceaswell.16>Lockealsobelievedthattherulerofgovernmentisonepartnerofthesocialcontract•（是社会契约的签约方）、17、Hobbes>absoluteMonarchy（君主制）Locke►ConstitutionalMonarchy（君主立宪制）18、TheEnglishRevolutionisalsocalledBourgeoisieRevolution・19>Democracy（民主的体现是）>Parliament（议会）希腊民主的体现是公民大会20>TheserfdomhadbegunbreakingupasaresultoftheEnclosureMovement.21>Bytheendofthe16thcentury,CalvinismhadspreadtoEngland.Asaresult,thePuritanMovementwasstartedinEngland.（清教徒运动开始了）22>1689,theBillofRightswasenactedbytheEnglishParliament（议会）.23>TherearctwoleadersintheEnglishRevolution.CromwellwasthemanofactionandMiltonthemanofthought.24>Milton►ParadiseLost（失乐园）选自：Thefallofmen（i经的旧约） Satan25>InMilton'spoeticworks,boththeRenaissanceandtheRefonnationshowedtheirinfluence.（受两个运动的影响）26>TheoryofKnowledge简答认知论Descartesemployedmethodicdoubt（置疑方》去论）withaviewtodiscoveringwhethertherewasanyindubitable（不容置疑的）truth.Idoubt,thereforeIthink:Ithink,thereforeIam.Doubtingisthinking,thinkingistheessenceofthemind.Descartesbelievedthattheyarcnotdependable・27>DescartesesDualism二元论①Thought（思维）wasthefoundationofallknowledge（认知）whilethesensesmightdeceiveus.Thisisidealist.②Theexternalworldexisted,whichwasindependentofthehumanmind.Thisismaterialist.（不以人的意识为转移）28、Classicism（®T古典主义）Classicismimpliestherevivaloftheformsandtraditionsoftheancientworld,areturntoworksofoldGreekliteraturefromHomertoPlatoandAristotle.ButFrenchclassicismofthe17thcenturywasnotconsciousofbeingaclassicalrevival（并非古典主义的复苏）.Itintendedtoproducealiterature,Frenchtothecore（以法语为中心），whichwasworthyof（与…相媲美）Greekandclassicalideals・Thisncoclassicism（新占•典主义）reacheditsclimaxinFranceinthe17thcentury.（代表：莫里哀和德国的歌德•席韌），29>Frenchclassicismofthe17thcenturywasnotconsciousofbeingaclassicalrevival（并非古典主义的复苏）.判断30、Rationalismwasbelievedtobeabletodiscoverthebestprinciplesofhumanconductandtheuniversalprinciplesofnaturallaws.HereDescartesprovidedthephilosophicalfoundationfortheFrenchncoclassicism•（新古典主义）31、Molicrc（莫里哀）►ThebestrepresentativeofFrenchncoclassicism.32、BaroqueArt承上启下的（法国新古典主义时期重要的）艺术形式BaroqueArt,flourishedfirstinItaly,andthenspreadtoSpain,Portugal,FranceinsouthEuropeandtoFlandersandtheNetherlands（荷兰）intheNorth・Itwascharacterizedbydramaticintensity（强烈的艺术性）andsentimentalappeal（哀婉的格调）withalotofemphasisonlightandcolour/强烈的明暗对比）33>MichelangeloCaravaggio►TheCallingofSt.Matthew（圣马赛的呼唤）►TheCardsharps（纸牌游戏）34>DutchProtestantArt新教艺术Rembrandt（伦勃朗）►BlindingofSamson►ThePolishRider（荷兰骑士）一、Whydowesaythe17thcenturyisatransitionalperiodfrommiddleagestothemoderntimes?1、Thisadvancebeganinscience,inastronomy,physicsandpuremathematics,owingtotheworkofGalileo,Kepler,NewtonandDescartes・2>Theworldoutlookofeducatedmenwastransformed.Therewasaprofoundchangeintheconceptionofmen'splaceintheuniverse.（人在宇宙中的位置）3、Thenewscienceandphilosophygaveagreatpushtothepoliticalstrugglewagedbythenewlyemergedclass,thebourgeoisie,andotherchasscs・4^Themodemworld,sofarasmentaloutlookisconcerned,beginsinthe17thcentury.二Howdidsciencedevelopinthe17thcentury?1、Copernicus:Hclio-ccntric（H心说）2^Kepler:①Kcpicr'sLawsofplanetarymotion.（开普勒行星定律）②KeplerprovedCopernicusHclio-ccntrictheorytobetrue.③Kepler'sLawsformedthebasisofallmodemplanetaryastronomyandledtoNewtorfsdiscoveryofthelawsofgravitation.（万有引力理论）3、Galileo:①Hemadeatelescope・②GalileoalsoprovedCopernicusHclio-ccntrictheorytobetrue. ①Galileodiscoveredtheimportanceofaccelerationindynamics・（动力力口速度）②Galileowasalsothefirsttoestablishthelawoffallingbodies.（自由落体理论的奠定）4、Newton:①Heinventedcalculus.（微积分）②Inoptics（光学），hediscoveredthatwhitelightiscomposedofallthecolourofthespectrum•（北谱）③Newtonestablishedhisnameinthefieldofphysics・④Newtonestablishedtheanalyticalmethod.Leibniz:①Leibnizdistinguishesthreelevelsofunderstanding:Theself-consciousnessTheconsciousnessandtheunconsciousnessorsubconsciousnessThistheoryhadagreatinfluenceonFreudianpsychology.②ThistheoryoftimeandspacehadagreatinfluenceonEinstcinianphysics.③HeandNewtoninventedindependentlythedifferentialandintegralcalculus•（微积分）三*WhatarethemeritssharedbytheGreatScientistsof17thcentury?（Doyouthinkthereissomethingincommonamongthe17thcenturyscientists?Ifthereis，presentyourideasonthestatement）Duringthe17thcentury,themodemScientificmethodbegantotakeshape・Itemphasizedobservationandexperimentationbeforeformulatingafinalexplanationorgeneralization.Copernicus,Kepler,Galileo,Newtonandotherscientistsofthetimesharedtwomeritswhichfavouredtheadvanceofscience・1、First,theyshowedboldnessinframinghypotheses・2^Second,theyallhadimmensepatienceinobservation.3、Thecombinationofthetwomeritsbroughtaboutfundamentalchangesinman'sscientificandphilosophicalthinking.四.WhatisBaconianPhilosophicalsystem?（Whatisthedifferentbetweeninductivemethod（归纳法）anddeductive（演绎法）method?）1、Thewholebasisofhisphilosophywaspractical:togivemankindmasteryovertheforcesofnaturebymeansofscientificdiscoveriesandinventions・2^Heheldthatphilosophyshouldbekeptseparatefromtheology,notintimatelybeblendedwithitasinScholasticism.（与经院主义混为一谈）3、Baconestablishedtheinductivemethod.Inductionmeansreasoningfromparticularfactsorindividualeasestoageneralconclusion.（从特殊扌隹一般）.Deductivemethodemphasizedreasoningfromaknownprincipletotheunknownandfromthegeneraltothespecific•（从LA知推未知，从一般推特殊）4^Inaword,tobreakwiththepast,andtorestoremantohislostmasteryofthenaturalworld.ThiswaswhatBaconcalledtheGreatInstauration.（大恢复理论）五.WhatisHobbes'materialsystem?（WhatisHobbes'materialistview?）1、Ourknowledgecomesfromexperience・2^Onlymaterialthingsarcperceptible,andknowabletous.Ourownexperiencealoneiscertain（个人的实践是确定无疑的）.MencouldnotknowanythingabouttheexistenceofGod.（人类无法感知上帝是否确定存在）3>Whenathingliesstill,unlesssomethingelsestirsit,itwillliestillforever.4、HobbessystematizedBaconianmaterialism,butbasicallyhewasamechanicalmaterialist.（机械唯勃主义），费尔巴哈也是六*WhatisthenaturalstateofwaraccordingtoHobbes?1、Equalityofhopearisesfromtheequalityofability・2^Ifanytwomendesirethesamething,whichneverthelesstheycannotbothenjoy,theybecomeenemies・ 3、Fromthis,heconcluded,untilsuchtimeasmenliveunderacommonpower,theyarcinastateofwarwithoneanother.七.WhataretheLawsofnature,accordingtotheHobbes?1>Itisobviouslyinman'sinteresttoemergefromthisnaturalstateofwar•（人的利益导致战争）2^Forbynaturemenhavetheirpassionsandtheirreason.Itistheirpassionswhichbringaboutthestateofwar.3>Peaceisnecessaryforsurvivalandcertainarticlesofpeace，uponwhichmenmaybedrawntoagreement.八.WhatisthetheoryoftheSocialContract,accordingtotheHobbes?1>Itisnecessarythatthereshouldbeacommonpowerorgovernmentbackedbyforceandabletopunish）.2、Commonwealth,inLatin,Civitas（共有财产）.3>Toescapeanarchy,menenterintoasocialcontract,bywhichtheysubmittothesovereign.Inreturnforconferringalltheirpowersandstrengthtothesovereign,menattainpeaceandsecurity・4^Thepowersofthesovereignmustbeabsolute,anditisonlybethecentralizationofauthorityinonepersonthattheevilcanbeavoided.Astotheformofgovernment,Hobbespreferredmonarchy•（主张君主制）6^GovernmentwasnotcreatedbyGod,butbymenthemselves.九.WhatareJohnLockematerialview?1、Allourideasarcultimatelyderivedfromsensationorfromreflectionandthesetwomakeupexperienceandallourknowledgespringsfromexperienceaswell.Neitherprinciplesnorideasarcinnatc.（规律与人的思维都并非天生的）3、Sensationandreflectionarcthefountainsofknowledge•（两大源泉）十、WhatisLocke'sPoliticalPhilosophy?（政治哲学）1、Lockeflatlyrejectedthetheoryofdivinerightofkings.（排除了君权神授的思想）2>Heridiculedthetheoryoftransmissionofroyalauthority（王权的世袭制）bysayingthattherewasnoevidencethatAdampossessedadivinelygrantedroyalauthority,noristhereanyevidencethathisheirshadit.3、Lockeputforwardtheideaofthestateofnaturc.（提出白然状态的观点）4、ForLocke,NatureLaw,therefore,meansauniversallyobligatorymorallawpromulgatedbythehumanreason,whereasforHobbesitmeansthelawofpower,forceandfraud.Lockefirmlybelievedinnaturalrights.Thenaturalrightistherightofprivateproperty.H—>WhatisthedifferencebetweenHobbesandLockeintermsofnatureLaw?ForLocke,NatureLaw,therefore,meansauniversallyobligatorymorallawpromulgatedbythehumanrcason.WhereasforHobbesitmeansthelawofpower,forceandfraud・十二.WhatisJohnLocke'sSocialContract!1、Societyisoutofnecessity,convenienceandman'sowninterest,andtherefore,societyisnaturaltoman.2^Theinstitutionofpoliticalsocietyandgovernmentmustproceedfromtheconsentofthosewhoarcincoiporatcdintopoliticalsocietyandsubjectthemselvestogovernment•（人要完全屈月妆于政府的统治）3>Lockeemphasizedthatthesocialcontractmustbeunderstoodasinvolvingtheindividual'sconsenttosubmittothewillofthemajorityandthatthewillofthemajoritymustprevail.4>Lockealsobelievedthattherulerofgovernmentisonepartnerofthesocialcontract.Ifheviolatesthesocialcontract,thengovernmentiseffectivelydissolved.ThisideawaswelcomedbytheAmericansduringtheAmericanRevolutionandthebourgeoisierevolutioninEngland.独立战争和英国资产阶级革命） 十三.WhatisthedifferentbetweenTomasHobbesandJohnLockeintermsofSocialContract?1、TomasHobbes:①Itisnecessarythatthereshouldbeacommonpowerorgovernmentbackedbyforceandabletopunish.②Commonwealth,inLatin,Civitas（共有财产）.③Toescapeanarchy,menenterintoasocialcontract,bywhichtheysubmittothesovereign.Inreturnforconferringalltheirpowersandstrengthtothesovereign,menattainpeaceandsecurity・④Thepowersofthesovereignmustbeabsolute,anditisonlybethecentralizationofauthorityinonepersonthattheevilcanbeavoided.⑤Astotheformofgovernment,Hobbespreferredmonarchy•（主张君主希U）⑥GovernmentwasnotcreatedbyGod,butbymenthemselves.2xJohnLocke:①Societyisoutofnecessity,convenienceandman'sowninterest,andtherefore,societyisnaturaltoman.②Theinstitutionofpoliticalsocietyandgovernmentmustproceedfromtheconsentofthosewhoarcincorporatedintopoliticalsocietyandsubjectthemselvestogovernment•（人要完全屈月艮于政府的统治）③Lockeemphasizedthatthesocialcontractmustbeunderstoodasinvolvingtheindividuafsconsenttosubmittothewillofthemajorityandthatthewillofthemajoritymustprevail.④Lockealsobelievedthattherulerofgovernmentisonepartnerofthesocialcontract.Ifheviolatesthesocialcontract,thengovernmentiseffectivelydissolved.ThisideawaswelcomedbytheAmericansduringtheAmericanRevolutionandthebourgeoisierevolutioninEngland.（北美独立战争和英国资产阶级革命）3、AlthoughbothTomasHobbesandJohnLockeusedtheterm"socialcontract",theydifferedfundamentally.（根本上的不同）①First,Hobbesarguedmenenterasocialcontracttoescapethestateofwar,for,inhisview,menarcenemiesandatwarwitheachother.Lockearguedmenarcequalandthattheyenterasocialcontractbyreason.②Secondly,Hobbesarguedthatindividualssurrendertheirrightstooneman,thesovereignwhosepowerisabsolute.Lockearguedthattheindividualssurrendertheirrightstothecommunityasawhole.Accordingtohim，bymajorityvotearepresentativeischosen,buthispowernotabsolute・Ifhefailstoimplementthepeople'swill,thepeoplehavetherighttooverthrowhim.十四.WhatarethecoursesoftheEnglishRevolution?1、Thegrowthofcapitalism（资产阶级的出现）2^Thebreak-upofserfdom（农奴制被打破）3、ThePuritanmovement（fft教徒运动）十五.HowmanystageshastheEnglishRevolutionundergone?1、ThewarbetweenParliamentandtheKing:Itwasendedwiththevictoryoftheking・2、Thefirstcivilwarfrom1642to1646.3、Thesecondcivilwarin1648:ItwasendedwiththevictoryoftheParliament.4^TheestablishmentoftheRepublicbyOliverCromwellin1649:CharlesIwasbeheaded.TheRestorationoftheStuartdynasty:in1660.6^TheGloriousRevolutionin1688:MaryandWilliam.十六、WhatisthegreatsignificantoftheEnglishRevolution?1、Itwasthefirsttimethatcapitalismhasdefeatedabsolutemonarchyinhistory・2^TheEnglishRevolutionmarkedthatthemodemtimesarcapproaching.3、AftertheEnglishRevolutiontheconstitutionalmonarchyhascomeintobeingaswellastheBillofRights.TheBillofRightestablishedthesupremacyoftheParliamentandputanendtodivinemonarchyinEngland・TheBillofRightslimitedtheSovereign'spowerincertainimportantdirections. 十七.WhatarethecharacteristicsofFrenchclassicism?（HowdocsFrenchclassicismdifferfromtheotherclassicism?）1、IntheFrenchclassicalliterature,manwasviewedasasocialbeingconsciouslyandwillinglysubjecttodiscipline.2^Rationalismwasbelievedtobeabletodiscoverthebestprinciplesofhumanconductandtheuniversalprinciplesofnaturallaws.HereDescartesprovidedthephilosophicalfoundationfortheFrenchncoclassicism・3、Frenchclassicismwasfondofusingclassicalforms,classicalthemesandvalues.
