DIVISION V 欧洲文化入门复习脉络

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1、第五章复习脉络1、Thefirsttimetolookatmen’splaceintheUniversestartedinthe17thcentury.2、Inmodernism,men’spositionintheuniversewaslookedatinafreshnewway.3、Theworldoutlookofeducatedmenwastransformed.Therewasaprofound(深远的)changeintheconceptionofmen’splaceintheuniverse.(人在宇宙中的位置)4

2、、The17thcenturyphilosophywasfocusonmaterialistinnature.5、17thcenturyScience:☆physics☆mathematics☆chemistrybiologypsychology6、Themodernworld,sofarasmentaloutlookisconcerned,beginsinthe17thcentury.现代世界从何时开始7、Kepler’sLawsformedthebasisofallmodernplanetaryastronomyandled

3、toNewton’sdiscoveryofthelawsofgravitation8、thelawsofgravitation(万有引力的内容):thesun,themoon,theearth,theplanets,andalltheotherbodies(天体)intheuniversemoveinaccordancewiththesamebasicforce,whichiscallgravitation.9、FrancisBacon’sworks—→TheAdvancementofLearning—→TheNewAtlant

4、is—→TheNovumOrganum(NewMethod)—→Essays(《散文集》)10、EssaysareBacon’smostwidelyreadwork.58essayswereincluded.11、FrancisBacon①Knowledgeispower.(知识就是力量)②Virtueislikepreciousodours—mostfragrantwhentheyareincensedorcrushed.品德像宝贵的气味－当被压碎或焚香时很芳香③Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstob

5、eswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.④Readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.(纯粹的人)读书可以使人成竹在胸⑤Historiesmakemenwise.(学史可以使人明智)⑥Wivesareyoungmen’smistresses,companionsforthemiddle-aged,andoldmen’snurses.12、TomasHobbes—→Leviathan13、theGreat

6、Instaurationtobreakwiththepast,andtorestoremantohislostmasteryofthenaturalworld.ThiswaswhatBaconcalledtheGreatInstauration.(大恢复理论)14、InductivemethodInductivemethodwasestablishedbyFrancisBaconin17thcentury.Inductionmeansreasoning(推理)fromparticularfactsorindividualcase

7、stoageneralconclusion.(从特殊推一般).InductionwasputoveragainstDeductivemethod.15、Allourideasareultimatelyderivedfromsensation(感受)orfromreflection(反思)andthesetwomakeupexperienceandallourknowledgespringsfromexperienceaswell.16、Lockealsobelievedthattherulerofgovernmentisonep

8、artnerofthesocialcontract.(是社会契约的签约方)17、Hobbes—→absoluteMonarchy(君主制)Locke—→ConstitutionalMonarchy(君主立宪制)18、TheEnglishRevolutionisa