《欧洲文化入门》复习要点

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1、欧洲文化入门希腊罗马HomerAuthorofepicsSapphoLyricpoet三大悲剧家：AeschylusTragicdramatistSophoclesTragicdramatistEuripidesTragicdramatist喜剧家：Aristophanes

2、s> Comedywriter历史学家：Herodotus wroteaboutwarsbetweenGreeksandPersians FatherofhistoryThucydideswroteaboutwarsbetweenAthensandSpartaandAthensandSyracusethegreatesthistorianthathaveeverlived哲学和科学：PythagorasAllthingswerenumbersfounderofscientificmathematicsHeracleitueFireistheprimaryeleme

3、ntDemocritusMaterialist,oneoftheearliestexponentsoftheatomictheorySocratesDissectofoneself,virtuewashighworthoflife,dialecticalmethodPlatoManhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingeneralideasAristotleDirectobservation,theoryfollowfact,ideaandmattertogethermadeconcretei

4、ndividualrealitiesEuclidatextbookofgeometryArchimedeswhenabodyisimmersedinwateritslossofweightisequaltotheweightofthewaterdisplaced“GivemeaplacetostandandI’llmovetheWorld”OthersDiogenes(theCynics)Pyrrhon(theSceptics)Epicurus(theEpicurean

5、s)Zeno(theStoics)4thcenturyB.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander,kingofMacedon的领导下，5thcenturyB.C.达到顶峰，146B.C.被罗马攻克2.基督教和圣经Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了tencommandmentsinthenameofGod，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine,knownasCanaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入theoldTestament,6t

6、hcenturyB.C.,他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。JesusChrist生活在第一个罗马帝国Augustus,EmperorConstantine1于313年宣布基督教合法，EmperorTheodosius于392年宣布基督教为国教。Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入theoldTestament，旧约包含39本书，写了从1000B.C.---100A.D.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，旧约主要由Hebrew写成，theNewTestment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本书，最古老的LatinBi

7、ble叫Vulgate,在1382年被JohnWycliff翻译成了英语，GreekBible叫Septuagint3.中世纪开始于476年西罗马帝国的衰败5-11世纪aperiodinwhichclassical,HebrewandGothicheritagemerged1054,教堂分裂为theRomanCatholicChurchandtheEasternOrthodoxChurch反击Moslems，开始了CrusadesCharlesMartel给士兵们estatesknownasfiefsin732St.ThomasAquinas(Scholastic

8、ism)写