欧洲文化入门复习指南-章

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1、DivisionOne:GreekCultureandRomanCulture(Europeancultureismadeupofmanyelements.Twooftheseelementsareconsideredtobemoreenduringandtheytheyare:theGreco-Romanelement,andtheJudeo-Christianelement.)I.GreekCulture1.TheHistoricalContext1).InamoreremoteperiodofGreekhistory,probablyaround1200B.C.,awarw

2、asfoughtbetweenGreece（希腊）andTroy(特洛伊）2).Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.WhatmarkedthehighpointofdevelopmentinGreekcultureinthe5thcenturyB.C.?1).ThehighpointofdevelopmentinGreekculturewasmarkedby(a)thesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasionearlyinthe5thcenturyB.C.,(b

3、)theestablishmentofdemocracyand(c)theflourishingofscience,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritinginAthens（雅典）.2).The5thcenturyB.C.closedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta（斯巴达）inGreece.3).Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.,allGreecewasbroughtundertheruleofAlexander,KingofMacedon（马其顿王国）.4

4、).In146B.C.theRomansconqueredtheGreece.2.SocialandPoliticalStructureWhatwerethemainfeaturesofancientGreeksociety?1).Athenswasademocracy,whereonlytheadultmalecitizenshadtherights.2).TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabor.3).TheGreekslovedsports.Onceeveryfouryears,theyhadabigfest

5、ivalonOlympusMountwhichincludedcontestsofsports.4).Revisedin1896,theGameshavebecometheworld’sforemostamateursportscompetition.3.Homer(about700B.C.)（荷马）WhatdidHomerdo?1).AncientGreeksconsideredHomertobetheauthoroftheirepics:theIliad《伊利亚特》andtheOdyssey《奥德赛》.2).Homerprobablylivedaround700B.C.3).

6、TheIliadandtheOdysseyarenotabouteventsofHomer’sowntime,butaboutgreatmenandwarsaboutaremoterage,probablyintheperiodof1200—1100B.C.Iliad1).TheIliaddealswiththeallianceofthestatesofthesouthernmainlandofGreece,ledbyAgamemnon（阿伽门农）intheirwaragainstthecityofTroy.2).TheheroesareHector（赫克托耳）ontheTroj

7、ansideandAchilles（阿喀琉斯）andOdysseus（奥德修斯）ontheGreek.3).Inthefinalbattle,HectorwaskilledbyAchillesandTroywassackedandburnedbytheGreeks.Odyssey1).TheOdysseydealswiththereturnofOdysseusaftertheTrojanwartohishomelandIthaca（伊萨卡岛）.2).TheOdysseydescr