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1、Chapter9 LanguageandLiterature1.StyleandStylisticsStyle:variationinthelanguageuseofanindividual,suchasformal/informalstyleLiterarystyle:waysofwritingemployedinliteratureandbyindividualwriters;thewaythemindoftheauthorexpressesitselfinwords2Stylistics“studiesthefeaturesofs
2、ituationallydistinctiveuses(varieties)oflanguage,andtriestoestablishprinciplescapableofaccountingfortheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage.”(Crystal1980)3Stylisticsisthestudyofvarietiesoflanguagewhosepropertiespositionthatlanguageincontex
3、t.Forexample,thelanguageofadvertising,politics,religion,individualauthors,etc.,orthelanguageofaperiodintime,allbelonginaparticularsituation.Inotherwords,theyallhave‘place’.4Stylisticsalsoattemptstoestablishprinciplescapableofexplainingtheparticularchoicesmadebyindividual
4、sandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage,suchassocialisation,theproductionandreceptionofmeaning,criticaldiscourseanalysisandliterarycriticism.5Otherfeaturesofstylisticsincludetheuseofdialogue,includingregionalaccentsandpeople’sdialects,descriptivelanguage,theuseofgrammar,suc
5、hastheactivevoiceorpassivevoice,thedistributionofsentencelengths,theuseofparticularlanguageregisters,etc.6Manylinguistsdonotliketheterm‘stylistics’.Theword‘style’,itself,hasseveralconnotationsthatmakeitdifficultforthetermtobedefinedaccurately.However,inLinguisticCriticis
6、m,RogerFowlermakesthepointthat,innon-theoreticalusage,thewordstylisticsmakessenseandisusefulinreferringtoanenormousrangeofliterarycontexts,suchasJohnMilton’s‘grandstyle’,the‘prosestyle’ofHenryJames,the‘epic’and‘balladstyle’ofclassicalGreekliterature,etc.(Fowler,1996:185)
7、.7Inaddition,stylisticsisadistinctivetermthatmaybeusedtodeterminetheconnectionsbetweentheformandeffectswithinaparticularvarietyoflanguage.Therefore,stylisticslooksatwhatis‘goingon’withinthelanguage;whatthelinguisticassociationsarethatthestyleoflanguagereveals.8Thescopeis
8、sometimesnarrowedtoconcentrateonthemorestrikingfeaturesofliterarylanguage,forinstance,its‘deviant’andab
