语言学课件 Chapter 10 language and Computer

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1、ChapterTenLanguageandtheComputer1.CAI,CAL&CALLCAI:computer-assistedinstructionCAL:computer-assistedlearningCALL:computer-assistedlanguagelearningThreephasesofCALL:BehavioristicCALLCommunicativeCALLIntegrativeCALL1.1BehavioristicCALLConceivedinthe1950san

2、dimplementedinthe1960sand’70s.Basedonthethendominantbehavioristtheoriesoflearning--repetitivelanguagedrills(drillandpractice).Thecoursewareisbasedonthemodelofcomputerastutor,avehiclefordeliveringinstructionalmaterialstothestudent.TherationaleRepeatedexpos

3、uretothesamematerialisbeneficialorevenessentialtolearning.Acomputerisidealforcarryingoutrepeateddrills,sincethemachinedoesnotgetboredwithpresentingthesamematerialandsinceitcanprovideimmediatenon-judgmentalfeedback.Acomputercanpresentsuchmaterialonanindivi

4、dualizedbasis,allowingstudentstoproceedattheirownpaceandfreeingupclasstimeforotheractivities.Basedonthesenotions,anumberofCALLtutoringsystemsweredevelopedforthemainframecomputerswhichwereusedatthattime.OneofthemostsophisticatedofthesewasthePLATOsystem,whi

5、chranonitsownspecialPLATOhardware,includingcentralcomputersandterminals.ThePLATOsystemincludedvocabularydrills,briefgrammarexplanationsanddrills,andtranslationstestsatvariousintervals.Inthelate1970sandearly1980s,behavioristicCALLwasunderminedbytwoimportan

6、tfactors.First,behavioristicapproachestolanguagelearninghadbeenrejectedatboththetheoreticalandthepedagogicallevel.Secondly,theintroductionofthemicrocomputerallowedawholenewrangeofpossibilities.ThestagewassetforanewphaseofCALL.1.2CommunicativeCALLBasedonth

7、ecommunicativeapproachtoLTwhichbecameprominentinthe1970sand80s.Proponentsofthisapproachfeltthatthedrillandpracticeprogramsofthepreviousdecadedidnotallowenoughauthenticcommunicationtobeofmuchvalue.PremisesforCommunicativeCALLfocusesmoreonusingformsratherth

8、anontheformsthemselves;teachesgrammarimplicitlyratherthanexplicitly;allowsandencouragesstudentstogenerateoriginalutterancesratherthanjustmanipulateprefabricatedlanguage;doesnotjudgeandevaluateeverythingthestudentsno