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1、ChapterEight LanguageinUsePragmaticsIntroduction“Youareafool.”“Youaresuchagenius.”“Whatdoyoumean?”SPEAKER’SMEANING,UTTERANCEMEANING,CONTEXTUALMEANINGDependsmoreonthecontextPragmatics:ThestudyoflanguageinusePragmaticsisusuallyconcernedwiththemeaningsthatsenten
2、ceshaveinparticularcontextsinwhichtheyareused.Thereisacarcoming.Seenoutofcontext,itisastatementthatacariscoming.Butinaparticularcontextitmightbeawarningtoapedestriannottostepontoaroad,anexpressionofhopethatpeopleinvitedtoadinnerareatlastarriving,andsoon.Sente
3、nceMeaningUtteranceMeaningItistheabstractcontext-independententitycalledsemanticproposition.Itiscontext-dependent.Itistheproductofsentencemeaningandcontext.Therefore,itisricherthanthemeaningofthesentence.Pragmaticscanbedefinedasthestudyofhowspeakersusethesent
4、encesofalanguagetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromtraditionalsemanticsinthatitstudiesmeaningnotinisolationbutincontext.1.SpeechacttheoryThefirstmajortheoryinthestudyoflanguageinuse.OriginatedwiththeOxfordphilosopherJohnLangshawAustin.Ho
5、wtoDoThingswithWords(1962)《怎样用词做事》1.1PerformativesandconstativesTwotypesofsentences:performativesandconstativesPerformatives:Theutteranceofasentenceisthedoingofanaction.InametheshiptheQueenElizabeth.Ibequeathmywatchtomybrother.Ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorro
6、w.Ipromisetofinishitintime.Iapologize.Ideclarethemeetingopen.Iwarnyouthatthebullwillcharge.它们的特点在于不只是言有所述，而且是言有所为。Ipromisetoloveyou!Ifireyou!Performativeverbs施为动词：promise,order,ask,propose,state,suggest,tell,warn,report,requestIpoursomeliquidintothetube.These
7、ntenceissaidbyachemistryteacherinademonstrationofanexperiment.Itisnotaperformative.Itisadescriptionofwhatthespeakerisdoingatthetimeofspeaking.SentencesofthistypeareknownasCONSTATIVES(表述句).Felicityconditions合适条件Thereareconditionsforperformativestomeettobeappro
8、priateorfelicitous.Asutinsuggestedthefollowingconditions:A.(i)Theremustbearelevantconventionalprocedure,(ii)Therelevantparticipantsandcircumstancemustbeappropriate.B.Theproceduremustbeexe
