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1、ChapterSevenLanguage,Culture,&Society1.LanguageandCulture1.1Whatisculture?Broadlyspeaking:Itmeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguage.Inanarrowsense:Itreferstolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms.1.
2、2TheheritageconcerningthestudyoflanguageandcultureMalinowski’sstudy马林诺夫斯基的研究:thewordwoodontheTrobriandIslandsoffeasternNewGuineaSpeechcommunity言语社区Firth’sstudy弗斯的研究:ContextofSituation情景语境Halliday’sstudy韩礼德的研究:Thestudyoflanguagefromasociallysemioticorinteractionalperspectiv
3、eWhatdidlinguistsfromtheNorthAmericansidedo?TherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureTheAmericanIndiancultureThereconstructionofAmericanNativelanguagesBoas,Sapir,WhorfFieldwork,first-handevidenceTheethnographyofcommunication交际民俗学1.3TheSapir-WhorfHypothesis(萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说)Ourlang
4、uagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkinganddifferentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressouruniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Twopointsinhistheory:1)Languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatterns;2)similaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative,thegreatertheirstructuraldifferentiationis,themorediversetheircon
5、ceptualizationoftheworldwillbe.Linguisticdeterminism(语言决定论):语言决定思维Linguisticrelativity(语言相对论)：思维相对于语言，思维模式随着语言的不同而不同。TheGermanethnologist,WillaimvonHumboldt洪堡特EugeneNida奈达:alinguistandtranslationtheoristAstranslators,ifwewanttodoagoodjobinCROSS-CULTURALCOMMUNICATION,weshou
6、ldalwaysbeawareofsometypesofsub-culture.Sapir：真实世界在很大程度上是建筑在社会集团的语言习惯之上，并且是无意识的，不同社会生活的世界是不同的世界，甚至相对比较简单的感知事实也在很大程度上受到不同社会模式的支配。Whorf：实际上，思维神秘莫测，而迄今为止我们对此所具有的最大理解是通过研究语言获得的。研究表明，人的思维是受到模式无情的法则控制的，这些模式就是人自己语言种种复杂的系统化，并且是人未感知到的。人的世界观是由语言控制的。一种语言有一种语言独特的系统，因而思维也是独特的。1.4Moreab
7、outtheSapir-WhorfhypothesisThestrongversion(强式说):EmphasizesthedecisiveroleoflanguageastheshaperofourthinkingpatternsTheweakversion(弱式说):Suggestthatthereisacorrelationbetweenlanguage,culture,andthought,thecross-culturaldifferencesproducedinourwaysofthinkingarerelative,rathe
8、rthancategorical.Alivelycontroversyaboutthehypothesis:Twoexamplestoshowthecomplexityandco
