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1、ChapterSeven Language,Culture,andSociety1.LanguageandCulture2Whatisculture?Broadlyspeaking,itmeansthetotalwayoflifeofapeople,includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andlanguage.Inanarrowsense,itreferstolocalorspecificpractice,beliefsorcustoms.31.1TherelationshipbetweenL&
2、CGenerally,therelationofLtoCisthatofparttowhole,forLispartofC.Theknowledgeandbeliefsthatconstituteapeople’sculturearehabituallyencodedandtransmittedinL.4Anthropologicalstudyoflinguistics:studyoflanguageinasocioculturalcontext.BronislawMalinowski(1884-1942):Themeaningofawordgreatlydependsuponitsoccur
3、renceinagivencontext.Languagefunctionsasalinkinhumanactivity,amodeofaction.5J.R.Firth(1890-1960):theoryofthecontextofsituationTherelevantfeaturesoftheparticipants,persons,personalities.Therelevantobjects.Theeffectsoftheverbalaction.“whospeakswhattowhomandwhenandtowhatend”6DellHymes(1927-):Ethnograph
4、yofcommunicationSpeechsituation.Situation,event,andact.SPEAKING:situation,participants,ends,actsequence,key,instrumentalities,norms,andgenres7Sapir-WhorfHypothesisEdwardSapir(1884-1939)andBenjaminLeeWhorf(1897-1941)Ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagesmayprobablyex
5、pressspeakers’uniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Linguisticdeterminism:Lmaydetermineourthinkingpatterns.Linguisticrelativity:differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround.8English:horseshoeFrench:feracheval——ironforhorseGerman:hufeisen——hoofironTheEskimoshavecountlesswordsforsn
6、ow.TheArabs,forcamels.9LinguisticevidenceofculturaldifferencesTermsofaddressGreetingsThanksandcomplimentsPrivacyandtaboosColorwords101.2Culture-loadedwords烫手的山芋vs.hotpotato雨后春笋vs.springlikemushroom大鱼大肉、鱼肉百姓、酒肉朋友meatandpotatoes,meatanddrinktosomeone11killthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneggs”vs.“杀鸡取卵”Coldwor
7、dsvs.冷言冷语Constantdroppingwearsthestone.滴水穿石Diamondcutdiamond.棋逢对手Killamanwhenheisdown.落井下石121.3CulturaloverlapanddiffusionThroughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomespartofcultur
