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1、Language,cultureandsociety1Whatisculture?1.1Highculture,lowcultureandnobrowculture-HighCultureisusuallyassociatedwiththosethatarerefined,educated,and/orwealthy(theelite)."bestofbreed"(fromanelitistviewpoint)culturalproducts.Whatfallsinthiscategoryisdefinedbythemos
2、tpowerfulsectionsofsociety,i.e.itssocial,political,economicandintellectualelite.-Opera,classicalmusic,classicliterature,etc.-LowCultureisassociatedwiththecommonpeople,thoselesseducatedandpoor.Itisaderogatorytermforsomeformsofpopularculture.-Kitsch,slapstick,camp,e
3、scapistfiction,popularmusic,tattooartareexamplesoflowculture.-Slapstickisatypeofcomedyinvolvingexaggeratedphysicalviolenceoractivities(e.g.,acharacterbeinghitinthefacewithafryingpanorrunningfullspeedintoawall).Thestyleiscommontothosegenresofentertainmentinwhichthe
4、audienceissupposedtounderstandtheveryhyperbolicnatureofsuchviolencetoexceedtheboundariesofcommonsenseandthuslicensenon-cruellaughter;-Kitsch/kɪtʃ/isatermofGermanorYiddishoriginthathasbeenusedtocategorizeartthatisconsideredaninferior,tastelesscopyofanexistingstyle.
5、Thetermisalsousedmorelooselyinreferringtoanyartthatispretentioustothepointofbeinginbadtaste,andalsocommerciallyproduceditemsthatareconsideredtriteorcrass.(媚俗,自媚,刻奇);-Campisanaestheticinwhichsomethinghasappealbecauseofitsbadtasteorironicvalue.Whentermfirstappearedi
6、n1909,itwasusedtorefertoostentatious,exaggerated,affected,theatrical,effeminateorhomosexualbehavior.Bythemid-1970s,thetermwasdefinedas"banality,artifice,mediocrity,orostentationsoextremeastohaveperverselysophisticatedappeal."-Escapistfictionisfictionwhichprovidesa
7、psychologicalescapefromthoughtsofeverydaylifebyimmersingthereaderinexoticsituationsoractivities.-Theboundarybetweenhighcultureandlowculturehasblurred.-NobrowcultureisapostmodernneologismderivedfromhighbrowandlowbrowcoinedbyJohnSeabrook.Thetermdenotesintellectualdi
8、scoursewhichisinfluencedbothbyhighcultureandlowculture.Thetermcanalsobeappliedtoculturalproductswhicharebothacriticalandboxofficesuccess.1.2Cultureinabr
