商务英语综合教程课件杜凤秋 ISBN9787810788113 PPT international economychap.7 economics.ppt

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1、EconomicsEconomics1.threeprincipalmatters2.basiceconomicproblem3.economicstheories4.basicconceptsofeconomicsPrincipalMattersEconomicsisasocialscience,whichisconcernedinlargemeasurewithhumanbehavior.Economics,asdistinctfromothersocialsciences,isconcernedwiththreeprincipalmatters:thebehavi

2、orofprices;theforceswhichdetermineincomeandemployment;thecreationanddistributionofwealth.EconomicProblemsEconomicscanbeseenintermsofthestudyofhumanbehaviorinthecontextoflimitedresources,theallocationofthosescarceresources,andthedistributionofthosescarceresourcesamongcompetinggroups.Theba

3、siceconomicproblemconfrontingallsocietiesishowtoallocatescarceresourcesbetweenalternativeuses,becausethereareinsufficientresourcestoproduceallthataredesired.EconomicProblemsTheEconomicProblem:scarcityandchoicethesechoicesinclude:whatoutputwillbeproduced?howwillthegoodsbeproduced?forwhomw

4、illtheoutputbeproduced?EconomicsTheoriesstandardeconomicscanbedividedintotwomajorfields.thefirstfield------pricetheoryormicroeconomicsthesecondfield------macroeconomicsMicroeconomicsMicroeconomicsexplainshowtheinterplayofsupplyanddemandincompetitivemarketscreatesamultitudeofindividualpri

5、ces,wagerates,profitmargins,andrentalchanges.Microeconomicsassumesthatpeoplebehaverationally.Consumerstrytospendtheirincomeinwaysthatgivethemasmuchpleasureaspossible.Aseconomistssay,theymaximizeutility.MacroeconomicsMacroeconomics,dealswithmodernexplanationsofnationalincomeandemployment.

6、Macroeconomicsdatesfromthebook.TheGeneralTheoryofEmployment,InterestandMoneybytheBritisheconomistJohnMaynardKeynes.MacroeconomicsHisexplanationofprosperityanddepressioncentersonthetotaloraggregatedemandforgoodsandservicesbyconsumers,businessinvestorsandgovernments.BecauseaccordingtoKeyne

7、s,inadequateaggregatedemandincreasesunemployment,theindicatedcureiseithermoreinvestmentbybusinessormorespendingandconsequentlylargebudgetdeficitsbygovernment.MicroeconomicsMicroeconomics,branchofeconomics,isthestudyofhowthesescarceresourcesareallocatedtothesatisfactionofc