商务英语综合教程课件杜凤秋 ISBN9787810788113 PPT international tradechap.30 nontariff to trade.ppt

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1、Non-tariffBarrierstoTradeMainContents1.Definition2.EffectsofNTBstotrade3.TypesofNTBs4.AgriculturalProductsDefinitionMeasurestakentoimpedeimportingexcepttariffs,morethan1000types,canbeindirect&direct.EffectsofNTBstoTradeSimilartothoseoftariffsinefficientdistortionswhichreducepotentialgains

2、fromtradeTypesofNTBs1.Quotas2.BuyNationalRestrictions3.CustomsValuation4.TechnicalBarriers5.Subsidies,CountervailingDuties&AntidumpingLegislationQuotasHistorically,theGATThasprohibitedimportquotasexceptonagriculturalproductsasemergencymeasureswhenacountryhasshort-runbalanceofpaymentsprobl

3、emsQuotasusuallycountrieshavecircumventedthismostnotablyfortextiles,footwear,&automobilesbynegotiating‘voluntaryexportrestrainagreements’ingeneral,businesswouldratherbeprotectedbyquotasthantariffs,becauseitiselastic.BuyNationalRestrictionsalsocanbecalled‘governmentprocurementpoliciesofdis

4、crimination’‘Buynational’regulationsrequirenationalgovernmentstogivepreferencetodomesticproducers,sometimestothecompleteexclusionofforeignfirms.BuyNationalRestrictionssomecountrieshavethediscriminationpolicies,suchas‘BuyAmerican’issuedin1933.duringtheTokyoroundoftheGATTnegotiations,amildc

5、odetoopenupgovernmentcontractstoforeignsupplierswasnegotiatedin1973-1979.nowatleastgovernmentsmustpublicizelargeprocurementcontracts&acceptforeignbids,butarestillnotrequiredtomakepublicthewinner’sbidpriceoritsbasisforwinning.CustomsValuationThemethodbywhichacustomsofficerdeterminesthevalu

6、eofanimportedgoodforthepurposeoflevyinganadvaloremtariff.Theappraisaloftheworthofimportedgoodsbycustomsofficialstodeterminetheamountofdutypayableintheimportingcountry.TheGATTCustomsValuationCodeobligesgovernmentsthatsignittousethe"transactionvalue"ofimportedgoods--orthepriceactuallypaidor

7、payableforthem--astheprincipalbasisforvaluingthegoodsforcustomspurposes.CustomsValuationduringtheTokyoround,considerableprogresswasmadeintheareaofCustomsvaluationforduty.Nowvaluefordutyisgenerallyontheinvoicecost,evenforintrafirmtradebetweenrelatedsubsidiariesofMNEs