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1、本科毕业论文外文翻译题目论环境犯罪的立法完善专业法学系别历史文化与法学系AGraduatedPunishmentApproachtoEnvironmentalCrimesSusanF.MandibergandMichaelFaureI.INTRODUCTIONWhydowehaveenvironmentalcrimes?Whatsocialharmsareweaddressing,andwhatinterestsarewevindicatingthroughuseofthecriminalsanction?Theanswertotheseque
2、stionsisnotfoundintraditionalcriminallawprinciples.Thisisbecauseenvironmentalinterestsandvaluesdonotenjoyanabsoluteprotectioninthelaw.Unliketheftorhomicide,forexample,whichmaycausepersonalbenefitsonlytothecriminal,mostpollutingactivitiesgeneratesubstantialsocietalbenefitsasw
3、ellasenvironmentalcosts.Thus,environmentallawinmanycountriesisaimedlargelyatanadministrativecontrolofpollution,usuallythroughlicensingandpermittingsystems.Environmentalcriminalstatuteslargelyfunctiontohelpensurethatcontrol.Theinterweavingofadministrativeandcriminallawhasbeen
4、pronouncedfromthebeginningofmodernenvironmentalcrimesinthemid-twentiethcentury.Then,asnow,environmentalcriminallawfocusedonpunishingthelackofapermitortheviolationofpermitorotherregulatoryrequirementsandconditions.However,althoughthisadministrativedependenceofenvironmentalcri
5、minallawmayhavebeenthegeneralstartingpoint,Europeancommentatorshaveincreasinglypointedtoseriousweaknessesinthisapproach.Foronething,iftheroleofthecriminallawisrestrictedtopunishingadministrativedisobedience,othertypesofpollutionmaygounpunished,thuslimitingtheabilityofthecrim
6、inallawtoprotectecologicalvalues.Inaddition,unlikethesituationwithtraditionalcrimes,administrators(notlegislators)decidewhatisandisnotcriminal.ThiscritiqueoftheabsoluteadministrativedependenceofenvironmentalcriminallawhashaditseffectsonEuropeanlegislationandoninternationalco
7、nventions.5Asaresult,onecannowincreasinglynoticetheuseofothermodelsofenvironmentalcrimes,modelsthatarelessdependentonadministrativelaw.Thegoalofthispaperistoexamineandadvocateforapproachestoenvironmentalcrimesinadditiontothepunishmentofdisobediencetoadministrativerulesanddec
8、isions.Weacknowledgethataneffectiveenvironmentalcriminalschememustincludead
