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1、Chapter5Semantics1.Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?答：(1)ThenamingtheoryproposedbytheancientGreekscholarPlato.Accordingtothistheory,thelinguisticformsorsymbols,inotherwords,thewordsusedinalanguagearesimplylabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.Sowordsarej
2、ustnamesorlabelsforthings.(2)Theconceptualistviewhasbeenheldbysomephilosophersandlinguistsfromancienttimes.Thisviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto(i.e.,betweenlanguageandtherealworld);rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyare
3、linkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.(3)Thecontextualistviewheldthatmeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context––elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehaviour.TherepresentativeofthisapproachwasJ.R.Firth,famousBritishlinguist.(4)Behavioristsattempte
4、dtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthe“situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.”Thistheory,somewhatclosetocontextualism,islinkedwithpsychologicalinterest.2.WhatarethemajortypesofsynonymsinEnglish?答：Themajortypesofsynonymsarediale
5、ctalsynonyms,stylisticsynonyms,emotiveorevaluativesynonyms,collocationalsynonyms,andsemanticallydifferentsynonyms.Examples（略）3.Explainwithexamples“homonymy”,“polysemy”,and“hyponymy”.答：(1)Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningshavethesamefor
6、m,i.e.,differentwordsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,theyarehomophones.Whentwowordsareidenticalinspelling,theyarehomographs.Whentwowordsareidenticalinbothsoundandspelling,theyarecompletehomonyms(2)Whiledifferentwordsmayhave
7、thesameorsimilarmeaning,thesameonewordmayhavemorethanonemeaning.Thisiswhatwecallpolysemy,andsuchawordiscalledapolysemicword.TherearemanypolysemicwordsinEnglish,Thefactisthemorecommonlyusedawordis,themorelikelyithasacquiredmorethanonemeaning.(3)Hyponymyreferstoth
8、esenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Thewordwhichismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthesuperordinate,andthemorespecificwordsarecalledits
