新编简明英语语言学教程讲义(6)chapter 5 semantics

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1、Chapter5SemanticsnSemantics----thestudyoflanguagemeaning.nMeaningiscentraltothestudyofcommunication.nWhatismeaning?----Scholarsunderdifferentscientificbackgroundshavedifferentunderstandingsoflanguagemeaning.SomeviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaningnNamingtheory(Plato)n

2、TheconceptualistviewnContextualism(Bloomfield)nBehaviorismNamingtheory(Plato)nWordsarenamesorlabelsforthings.nLimitations:1)Applicabletonounsonly.2)Therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherealworld,e.g.ghost,dragon,unicorn,phenix…3)Therearenounsthatdonotr

3、efertophysicalobjectsbutabstractnotions,e.g.joy,impulse,hatred…TheconceptualistviewnTheconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto(i.e.betweenlanguageandtherealworld);rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthrought

4、hemediationofconceptsinthemind.OgdenandRichards:semantictriangleOgdenandRichards:semantictrianglenThesymbolorformreferstothelinguisticelements(wordsandphrases);nThereferentreferstotheobjectintheworldofexperience;nThoughtorreferencereferstoconcept.nThesymboloraword

5、signifiesthingsbyvirtueoftheconceptassociatedwiththeformofthewordinthemindsofthespeaker;andtheconceptlookedatfromthispointofviewisthemeaningoftheword.ThecontextualismnMeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context—elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehavior.Tw

6、otypesofcontextsarerecognized:nSituationalcontext:spatiotemporalsituationnLinguisticcontext:theprobabilityofaword’sco-occurrenceorcollocation.nForexample,“black”inblackhair&blackcoffee,orblacksheepdiffersinmeaning;“ThepresidentoftheUnitedStates”canmeaneitherthepre

7、sidentorpresidencyindifferentsituation.BehaviorismnBehavioristsattemptedtodefinemeaningas“thesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”.nThestoryofJackandJill:Jill                        Jack  S_________r--------s_________RLexicalmean

8、ing Senseandreferencearenbothconcernedwiththestudyofwordmeaning.Theyaretworelatedbutdifferentaspectsofmeaning. Sense----isconcernedwiththeinherentnmeani