新编简明英语语言学教程：linguistics-2015-6-17-chapter_6_pragmatics_handout_and_exercises

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1、LinguisticsChapter6Pragmatics6.1Somebasicnotions6.1.1DefinitionPragmatics:Pragmaticscanberegardedasakindofmeaningstudy.Ageneraldefinitionisthatitisthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Astheprocessofcommunicationisessentiallyaprocessofconveyingandunder

2、standingmeaninginacertaincontext,pragmaticscanalsoberegardedasakindofmeaningstudy.6.1.2Pragmaticsvs.semanticsAspragmaticsandsemanticsarebothlinguisticstudiesofmeaning,thenhowaretheyrelated,andhowdotheydiffer?Semantics:Thecontextisnotconsideredinthestudyofmeaning.Pragmatics:Thecontextofuse

3、isconsideredinthestudyofmeaning.6.1.3ContextThesituationalcontext:Everyutteranceoccursinaparticularspatiotemporalsituation,themaincomponentsofwhichinclude,apartfromtheplaceandtimeoftheutterance,thespeakerandthehearer,theactionstheyareperformingatthetime,thevariousobjectsandeventsexistentin

4、thesituation.Thelinguisticcontext,sometimesknownascontext,isconcernedwiththeprobabilityofaword’sco-occurrenceorcollocationwithanotherword,whichformspartofthe“meaning”oftheword,andalsowiththepartoftextthatprecedesandfollowsaparticularutterance.6.1.4Sentencemeaningvs.utterancemeaningAsentenc

5、e（句子）:Ashasbeensaidbefore,asentenceisagrammaticalconcept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedastheabstract,intrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofpredication.Themeaningofasentenceisabstract,anddecontextualizd.Anutterance(话语):Butifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecour

6、seofcommunication,itbecomesanutterance,anditshouldbeconsideredinthesituationinwhichitisactuallyuttered(orused).Themeaningofanutteranceisconcrete,andcontext-dependent.Thefeaturesofmeaningofutterance:1)Themeaningofanutteranceisbasedonsentencemeaning;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofa

7、sentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.e.g.Mybagisheavy2)Whilemostutterancestaketheformofgrammaticallycompletesentences,someutterancesdonot,andsomecannotevenberestoredtocompletesentences.e.g.Goodmorning!11Linguisticse.g.Hi!e.g.Ouch!6.2Spee