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1、Chapter5Grammar:Clause5.1IntroductionClause(小句/子句)—agroupofwordswhichformagrammaticalunitandwhichcontainasubjectandafiniteverb.Aclauseformsasentenceorpartofasentenceandoftenfunctionsasanoun,adjectiveoradverb.1Examples:1)Ihurriedhome.(asentence,alsoaclause,asimplesentence)3)BecauseIwaslate,theywentw
2、ithoutme.subordinateclause(从属句)mainclause(独立句,主句)complexsentence2)Johnlikeslinguistics,butMaryisinterestedinhistory.(coordinatesentence/compoundsentence)coordinatingconjunctionsubordinator2(More:….isthestudyofthestructureofphrases,clausesandespeciallysentences.Itisconsideredasasubsetinthestudyofgra
3、mmar,whichincludesallareasoflanguageaspectsincludingphonology,morphology,syntax,andsemantics.Syntaxstudieshowphrasesandclausesareconstructed.)Syntax(句法)—abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.3①Theboykickedtheballangrily.②Boythe
4、ballkickedangrily.③Thegirlcaughttheballangrily.④Theflowersmileshappily.Whicharecorrectandwhicharenot,andwhy?5.2WordClassesandWordOrderDeterminer+noun+verb+determiner+noun+advThedogatethebonenoisily.Theboykickedtheballangrily.4Syntacticcategory(句法范畴）:acategoryofwordshavingthesamegrammaticalpropertie
5、sPhrase:expansionofwords.E.g.thenewbook;runfast“headwords”Clause(gotothebook)Positionalrelationorwordorderreferstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.Ifthewordsinasentencefailtooccurinafixedorderrequiredbytheconventionoflanguage,thesentencewillbeungrammaticalornonsensical.(Thetallboyhaskicke
6、dtheballwithhisrightfootangrily.)Relationofsubstitutabilityreferstoclassesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinthesamesentencestructures.5SpecifierXComplementHead(Phraseelements)XPTheXPruleNote:ThephrasestructurerulescanbesummedupasXPruleshowninthediagram,inwhichXstandsforN,V,AorP,w
7、hichrefertonouns,verbs,adjectivesandprepositions.6X’Theory(X-barTheory)AgirlwithbrownhairX’’P(Specifier)X’X’X(complement)X(head)complementSpecifier(the)X’’P(Phraselevel)X’agirlwithbrownhair7Specifiers----
