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1、Chapter4Lexicon4.1Introduction◆Lexicon:ThecollectionofallthewordsofalanguageTheanalysisandcreationofwords◆Morphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.1Questions:1.Whydowesaywordsareimportant?2.Whatisword?“Withoutgrammarverylittlecanbeconveyed;withoutvo
2、cabularynothingcanbeconveyed.”(Wilkins,1972:111).2meaningfulgrammaticalunitcanbeusedindependentlyrelativelystableanduninterruptible4.2Propertiesofwords31.Wordclass2.Grammaticalwordsandlexicalwords3.Closed-classwordsandopen-classwords4.Variableandinvariablewords4.3ClassificationofWords4WordclassT
3、raditionalwordclasses:8or9categoriesMorecategories:Particles(小品词)Auxiliaries（助动词）Pro-forms（替代形式）Determiners（限定词）5Particles(小品词):usedbyC.F.Hockettinthe1950sofallformsthatdonottakeinflections.AlsobyJespersenofalltheelements,e.g.inEnglish,traditionallycalledadverbs,prepositions,conjunctions,andinte
4、rjections.Specifically,inEnglish,thesecondelementofaphrasalverb:e.g.upinpickitup.6Pro-forms(代替形式):formswhichcanserveasreplacementsfordifferentelementsinasentence.Forexample:1)A:Ihopeyoucancome.B:Ihopeso.(soreplacesthatIcancome)2)A:MaryisinLondon.B:Johnistheretoo.(therereplacesinLondon)3)A:Ilikec
5、offee.B:Wedotoo.(doreplaceslikecoffee)7Meaningexpressedbythewords:GrammaticalwordsandlexicalwordsFunctionwordsandcontentwordsEmptywordsandfullwords8Closedclasswords—grammaticalorfunctionalwords,suchasconjunction,articles,prepositionandpronouns.Openclasswords—contentwordsofalanguagetowhichwecanre
6、gularlyaddnewwords,suchasnouns,adjectives,verbsandadverbs,e.g.beatnik(amemberoftheBeatGeneration),hacker,email,internet,“做秀，时装秀…”inChinese.Extendableornot9Variableandinvariablewordsmatmatsfollowfollowseollowingfollowedbigbiggerbiggest104.4Morpheme(词素)--theminimalunitofmeaning--Wordsarecomposedof
7、morphemes.Wordsmayconsistofoneormoremorphemes,e.g.1-morphemeboy,desire2-morphemeboy+ish,desir(e)+ble3-morphemeboy+ish+ness,desir(e)+bl(e)+ity4-morphemegentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity5-morphemeun+gentle+man+li+nessa
