《简明语言学教程》大纲

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1、Chapter1Introduction　1ThescopeoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics普通语言学:thestudyoflanguageasawhole从整体研究1.Phonetics:thegeneralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsounds(orthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage)(Howspeechsoundsareproducedandclassified)2.Phonology:isessentiallythedescriptionofthesystemsand

2、patternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.(Howsoundsformsystemsandfunctiontoconveymeaning)3.Morphology:thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords(howmorphemesarecombinedtoformwords)4.Syntax:thestudyofthoserulesthatgovernthecombinationofwordstoformpermissiblesentences(howmorphemesandwordsa

3、recombinedtoformsentences)5.Semantics:thestudyofmeaninginabstraction6.Pragmatics:thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseSociolinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyPsycholinguistics:thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofthemindAppliedlinguistics:theapplicationoflinguisticsprincip

4、lesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearningAnthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;mathematicallinguistics;computationallinguistics[C]Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics①Prescriptivevs.Descriptive规定性与描写性②Synchronicvs.Diachronic共时性与历时性　Thedescriptionofalan

5、guageatsomepointintime;Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime.④Langueandparole语言和言语⑤Competenceandperformance语言能力与语言运用ProposedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky(psychological)Whatislanguage?什么是语言[[B]①Arbitrariness（任意性）Thereisnologicalornaturalconnectionbetweenalinguisticform(eithersoundor

6、word)anditsmeaning.Whilelanguageisarbitrarybynature,itisnotentirelyarbitrary.（意义和语音之间没有什么逻辑的联系；虽然是任意性的，但并非完全任意）a)echoofthesoundsofobjectsoractivities:onomatopoeicwords（拟声词）b)somecompoundwords（某些复合词）②Productivity（能产性，创造性）③Duality（双重结构性，两重性或二元性）Languageisorganizedattwolevelsorlayerssimultaneous

7、ly.Thelowerorbasiclevelisastructureofsoundswhicharemeaningless.Thehigherlevelismorphemeorword(doublearticulation)（语言是一个系统，包含两组结构或者两个层面。在较低/基本层面存在着语音结构，其自身没有什么意义；较高层面存在着意义单位；结构的双重性/语言的双层性）④Displacement（跨时空性，移位性）Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontex