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1、1Chapter5Grammar:Clause5.1IntroductionClause(小句/子句)—agroupofwordswhichformagrammaticalunitandwhichcontainasubjectandafiniteverb.Aclauseformsasentenceorpartofasentenceandoftenfunctionsasanoun,adjectiveoradverb.2Examples:1)Ihurriedhome.(asentence,alsoa
2、clause,asimplesentence)3)BecauseIwaslate,theywentwithoutme.subordinateclause(从属句)mainclause(独立句,主句)complexsentence2)Johnlikeslinguistics,butMaryisinterestedinhistory.(coordinatesentence/compoundsentence)coordinatingconjunctionsubordinator3(More:….ist
3、hestudyofthestructureofphrases,clausesandespeciallysentences.Itisconsideredasasubsetinthestudyofgrammar,whichincludesallareasoflanguageaspectsincludingphonology,morphology,syntax,andsemantics.Syntaxstudieshowphrasesandclausesareconstructed.)Syntax(句法
4、)—abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.4①Theboykickedtheballangrily.②Boytheballkickedangrily.③Thegirlcaughttheballangrily.④Theflowersmileshappily.Whicharecorrectandwhicharenot,a
5、ndwhy?5.2WordClassesandWordOrderDeterminer+noun+verb+determiner+noun+advThedogatethebonenoisily.Theboykickedtheballangrily.5Syntacticcategory(句法范畴）:acategoryofwordshavingthesamegrammaticalpropertiesPhrase:expansionofwords.E.g.thenewbook;runfast“headw
6、ords”Clause(gotothebook)Positionalrelationorwordorderreferstothesequentialarrangementofwordsinalanguage.Ifthewordsinasentencefailtooccurinafixedorderrequiredbytheconventionoflanguage,thesentencewillbeungrammaticalornonsensical.(Thetallboyhaskickedthe
7、ballwithhisrightfootangrily.)Relationofsubstitutabilityreferstoclassesorsetsofwordssubstitutableforeachothergrammaticallyinthesamesentencestructures.6SpecifierXComplementHead(Phraseelements)XPTheXPruleNote:ThephrasestructurerulescanbesummedupasXPrule
8、showninthediagram,inwhichXstandsforN,V,AorP,whichrefertonouns,verbs,adjectivesandprepositions.7X’Theory(X-barTheory)AgirlwithbrownhairX’’P(Specifier)X’X’X(complement)X(head)complementSpecifier(the)X’’P(Phraselevel)X’agirlwithbrownhair8Specifiers---
