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1、Chapter7LanguageChangeLChange(Historicallinguistics)Historicallinguisticsistheabranchoflinguistics,ismainlyconcernedwithboththedescriptionandexplanationoflanguagechange.Diachroniclinguistics①theidentificationofthechangesenablesustoreconstructthelinguistichistoryofthatlan
2、guage,hypothesizesitsearlierforms.②italsoenablesustodeterminehownon-linguisticfactors,suchassocial,culturalandpsychologicalfactors,interactovertimetotriggerlinguisticchange.SoundChangeMorphological&SyntacticChangeLexicalChange&SemanticChangeExercisesCausesoftheLanguageCh
3、angeIntroductiona. OldEnglish古代英语(449-1066)Beowulf,anAnglo-Saxonepicpoem,themostimportantworkofOldEnglishliteratureb.MiddleEnglish中世纪英语(1066-1500)Chaucer,Shakespearec.ModernEnglish现代英语(1500-present)IntroductionItisafactthatalllanguageschangethroughtime,thoughtheydosorath
4、erslowly.沛公旦日从百余骑来见项王，至鸿门，谢曰：“臣与将军戮力而攻秦，将军战河北，臣战河南，然不自意能先入关破秦，得复见将军于此。今者有小人之言，令将军与臣有郤（xì）（同“隙”，隔阂。）。”项王曰：“此沛公左司马曹无伤言之；不然，籍何以至此?”项王即日因留沛公与饮。《史记》PhonologicalchangesAmongallthechangesinlanguage,eithersubtleorobvious,changesatphonologicallevelareparticularlynoticeableandvari
5、ed.Somecommontypesofsoundchangescanbedistinguishedandrecognized,whichmakesitpossibletoworkoutpatternsofpronunciationchangesthroughoutthehistoryoftheEnglishlanguage.ThemostdramaticchangethatEnglishunderwentincludedthevowelsasillustratedintheexamples.(P.94)SoundChangeTheGr
6、eatVowelShiftwasamajorchangeinthepronunciationoftheEnglishlanguagethattookplaceinEnglandbetween1350and1500.ThekeypronunciationfeaturesoftheGreatVowelShiftarethefollowing:Vowelraising,Vowelfronting,DiphthongizationSound/phonologicalchange:systematic;regularpatternofpronun
7、ciationchangesa)VowelsoundchangeGreatVowelShift元音大换位,whichoccurredattheendoftheMiddleEnglishperiod,approximatelybetween1400and1600andwhichinvolved7longvowels,ledtooneofthemajordisagreementsbetweenthepronunciationandthespellingsystemofModernEnglish.Forexample:MiddleEnglis
8、h ModernEnglishFivefi:vfaivmousemu:smaUsfeetfe:tfi:tmood m:dmu:dbreakbrZ:kenbreikbrokebrC:kenbrEUkName
