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1、Chapter5Semantics1.Whatarethemajorviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning?1.ThenamingtheoryThewordusedinalanguageistakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.2.TheconceptualistviewThereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto,theyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthe
2、mind.3.ThecontextualistviewOnecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.Twokinds:situationalcontextandlinguisticcontext.Situational:Everyutteranceoccursinaparticularspatiotemporalsituation.Include:placeandtimeoftheutterance,thespeakerandhehearer,theactionstheyar
3、eperformingatthetimeandsoon.Thelinguisticcontext,sometimesknownasco-textE.g.Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thezookeeperbecameworried.(sealmeaninganaquaticmammal)Thesealcouldnotbefound.Thekingbecameworried.(sealmeaningtheking’sstamp)4.ThebehavioristviewSituationinwhichthespeakerutters
4、itandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.2.Whatissenseandwhatisreference?Howaretheyrelated?Sensereferstotheinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,itisacollectionofallthefeaturesoflinguisticform;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Forexamplethesenseoftheworddogisadomesticatedcaninemamma
5、l,occurringinmanybreedsthatshowagreatvarietyinsizeandform.Itdoesnotrefertoanyparticulardogthatexistsintherealworld,butappliestoanyanimalthatmeetsthefeaturesdescribedinthedefinition.Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetw
6、eenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Ifwesay”thedogisbarking,”Wemustbetalkingaboutacertaindogexistentinthesituation;theword“dog”referstoadogknowntoboththespeakerandhearer.Thisisthereferenceoftheword“intheparticularsituation.Itismatteroftherelationshipb
7、etweenformandthereality.3.Explainwithexample“homonymy,”“polysemy,”,and“hyponymy.”Homonymyreferstowordsidenticalinform(eitherinsoundorinspelling,orinboth)butdifferentinmeaning,(homophones,homographs,completehomonyms.)e.g.night-knight,leadv.–leadn.,bank(afinancialinstitution)–b
8、ank(sideofariver)Polysemyreferstowordshavingmorethanonemeaninghaveth
