英语语言学概论 Chapter7 Semantics(语义学).doc

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1、7.1Introduction7.1.1Whatissemantics?•Semanticsisoneofthesub-branchesoflinguistics;itisgenerallydefinedasthestudyofmeaning.7.1.2Sub-branchesofsemanticsJohnLyonsdistinguishesbetweenlinguisticsemanticsandnon-linguisticsemantics.WenQiufangmakesadistinctionbetweenlexicalsemanticsan

2、dsentencesemantics,thelatterofwhichisalsotermedsententialsemanticsbysomepeople.7.2meaning7.2.1UncertaintyofmeaningThewordsmeanandmeaningcanbeusedinmanydifferentcontextsandfordifferentpurposesindailycommunication.Evenasatechnicalterm,meaningisdefinedanduseddifferentlyaccordingt

3、odifferenttheoreticalapproaches.7.2.2theoriesofmeaningJohnLyons1.Thereferential(ordenotationaltheory)指称说2.theideational,ormentalistictheory意念说.3.thebehaviouristtheory行为反应说4.themeaning-is-usetheory用法说5.theverificationisttheory验证说6.thetruth-conditionaltheory.真值说LiFuyuanSemantict

4、riangular语义三角理论7.2.3BasicconceptrelatedtomeaningReference所指istherelationbetweenthelinguisticexpressionandtheobjectinextra-linguisticrealitytowhichtheexpressionrefers.Denotation指称isatermwhichisintrinsicallyconnectedwithreferenceReferentistheobjectorstateofaffairsinextra-linguis

5、ticrealityoralinguisticelementtowhichthespeakerorwriterisreferringbyusingalinguisticsign.LimitationsSense意义thecharacteristicorqualityoftheobjectdenotedbythelinguisticexpression.Denotestherelationshipinsidelanguage.ExtensionandintensionExtensionistheclassofentitiestowhichalingu

6、isticexpressioniscorrectlyappliedIntensionisthesetofdefiningpropertieswhichdeterminestheapplicabilityofalinguisticexpression.Conceptistheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinhumanmind.7.2.4TypesofmeaningDenotationandconnotation外延意义和内涵意义Thedenotativemeaningofalin

7、guisticformistheperson,object,abstractnotion,event,orMatewhichthewordorsentencedenotes.Wecansaythatthedenotationofalinguisticexpressionisitsdictionarymeaning.Themainapplicationofthetermconnotationiswithreferencetotheemotionalassociationswhicharesuggestedby,orarepartofthemeanin

8、gofalinguisticunit,especiallyalexicalitem.Positiveneutralnega