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1、ChapterFourSemanticsWHATISSEMANTICS?Semanticsisatechnicaltermusedtorefertothestudyofthecommunicationofmeaningthroughlanguage.WHATISMEANING?Therealistvs.thenominalistConceptualismvs.mentalismthoughtorreferenceSymbolorformreferentSomeviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaningThenam
2、ingtheoryTheconceptualistviewContextualismBehaviorismTheNamingTheoryWhatisnamingtheory?Thelinguisticformsorsymbolsaresimplylabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.ThelimitationsofthenamingtheoryThistheoryseemsapplicabletonounsonly,butverbs,adjectives,andadverbsaredefinitelynotla
3、belsofobjects.Withinthecategoryofnouns,therearenounswhichdenotethingsthatdonotexistintherealworldatall,suchas“ghost”,“dragon”,and“unicorn”.Andalsonounsthatdonotrefertophysicalobjects,butabstractnotionssuchas“joy”,“impulse”.TheConceptualistViewTheconceptualistviewholdsth
4、atthereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto;rather,intheinterpretationofmeaningtheyarelinkedthroughthemediationofconceptsinthemind.thoughtorreferenceSymbolorformreferentSymbol/formreferstothelinguisticelements(words,phrases).Referentreferstotheobjectint
5、heworldofexperience.Thought/Referencereferstoconcept.ContextualismContextualismholdsthatmeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context---elementscloselylinkedwithlanguagebehaviour.TwokindsofcontextthesituationalcontextEveryutteranceoccursinaparticularspatiotempora
6、lsituation,themaincomponentsofwhichinclude,apartfromtheplaceandtimeoftheutterance,thespeakerandthehearer,theactionstheyareperformingatthetime,thevariousobjectsandeventsexistentinthesituationthelinguisticcontextThelinguisticcontextisconcernedwiththeprobabilityofaword’sco
7、-occurrenceorcollocationwithanotherword,whichformspartofthe“meaning”oftheword,andalsowiththepartoftextthatprecedesandfollowsaparticularutterance.BehaviorismBehaviorismdefinesthemeaningofalanguageformasthe“situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthe
8、hearer.”JillJackSrsRMechanismMechanismisrestrictedtothescientificdefinitionofeverythingtowhichlanguagemaycontr
