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1、外文翻译原文CompetitionofIndustrialClustersbyPorterResource:TheDecliningQualityofEarningsAuthor:WilliamHesterEconomicgeographyinaneraofglobalcompetitionposesaparadox.Intheory,locationshouldnolongerbeasourceofcompetitiveadvantage.Openglobalmarkets,rapidtransportation,andhigh-spee
2、dcommunicationsshouldallowanycompanytosourceanythingfromanyplaceatanytime.Butinpractice,MichaelPorterdemonstrates,locationremainscentraltocompetition.Today'seconomicmapoftheworldischaracterizedbywhatPortercallsclusters:criticalmassesinoneplaceoflinkedindustriesandinstituti
3、onsfromsupplierstouniversitiestogovernmentagencies-thatenjoyunusualcompetitivesuccessinaparticularfield.ThemostfamousexamplesarefoundinSiliconValleyandHollywood,butclustersdottheworld'slandscape.Porterexplainshowclustersaffectcompetitioninthreebroadways:first,byincreasingt
4、heproductivityofcompaniesbasedinthearea;second,bydrivingthedirectionandpaceofinnovation;andthird,bystimulatingtheformationofnewbusinesseswithinthecluster.Geographic,cultural,andinstitutionalproximityprovidescompanieswithspecialaccess,closerrelationships,betterinformation,p
5、owerfulincentives,andotheradvantagesthataredifficulttotapfromadistance.Themorecomplex,knowledge-based,anddynamictheworldeconomybecomes,themorethisistrue.Competitiveadvantageliesincreasinglyinlocalthings-knowledge,relationships,andmotivationthatdistantrivalscannotreplicate.
6、Porterchallengestheconventionalwisdomabouthowcompaniesshouldbeconfigured,howinstitutionssuchasuniversitiescancontributetocompetitivesuccess,andhowgovernmentscanpromoteeconomicdevelopmentandprosperity.Paradoxically,theenduringcompetitiveadvantagesinaglobaleconomylieincreasi
7、nglyinlocalthings-knowledgerelationships,andmotivationthatdistantrivalscannotmatch.Nowthatcompaniescansourcecapital,goods,information,andtechnologyformaroundtheworld,oftenwiththeclickofamouse,muchoftheconventionalwisdomabouthowcompaniesandnationscompeteneedstobeoverhauled.
8、Intheory,moreopenglobalmarketsandfastertransportationandcommunicationshoulddiminishtherol
