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1、毕业论文(设计)外文翻译一、外文原文标题:CLUSTERSANDTHENEWECONOMICSOFCOMPETITION原文:WhatIsaCluster?Clustersaregeographicconcentrationsofinterconnectedcompaniesandinstitutionsinaparticularfield.Clustersencompassanarrayoflinkedindustriesandotherentitiesimportanttocompetition.Theyinclude,forexampl
2、e,suppliersofspecializedinputssuchascomponents,machinery,andservices,andprovidersofspecializedinfrastructure.Clustersalsooftenextenddownstreamtochannelsandcustomersandlaterallytomanufacturersofcomplementaryproductsandtocompaniesinindustriesrelatedbyskills,technologies,orcom
3、moninputs.Finally,manyclustersincludegovernmentalandotherinstitutions–suchasuniversities,standards-settingagencies,thinktanks,vocationaltrainingproviders,andtradeassociations–thatprovidespecializedtraining,education,information,research,andtechnicalsupport.TheCaliforniawine
4、clusterisagoodexample.Itincludes680commercialwineriesaswellasseveralthousandindependentwinegrapegrowers.(Seetheexhibit“AnatomyoftheCaliforniaWineCluster.”)Anextensivecomplementofindustriessupportingbothwinemakingandgrapegrowingexists,includingsuppliersofgrapestock,irrigatio
5、nandharvestingequipment,barrels,andlabels;specializedpublicrelationsandadvertisingfirms;andnumerouswinepublicationsaimedatconsumerandtradeaudiences.Ahostoflocalinstitutionsisinvolvedwithwine,suchastheworld-renownedviticultureandenologyprogramattheUniversityofCaliforniaatDav
6、is,theWineInstitute,andspecialcommitteesoftheCaliforniasenateandassembly.TheclusteralsoenjoysweakerlinkagestootherCaliforniaclustersinagriculture,foodandrestaurants,andwine-countrytourism.ConsideralsotheItalianleatherfashioncluster,whichcontainswell-knownshoecompaniessuchas
7、FerragamoandGucciaswellasahostofspecializedsuppliersoffootwearcomponents,machinery,molds,designservices,andtannedleather.(Seetheexhibit“MappingtheItalianLeatherFashionCluster.”)Italsoconsistsofseveralchainsofrelatedindustries,includingthoseproducingdifferenttypesofleathergo
8、ods(linkedbycommoninputsandtechnologies)anddifferenttypesoffootwear(linkedbyoverla
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