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1、外文翻译原文Clustersandtheneweconomicsofcompetition(extract)MaterialSource:HarvardBusinessReview,Nov/Dec1998Author:MichaelE.PorterNowthatcompaniescansourcecapital,goods,information,andtechnologyfromaroundtheworld,oftenwiththeclickofamouse,muchoftheconventionalwisdomabouthowcompaniesandn
2、ationscompeteneedstobeoverhauled.Intheory,moreopenglobalmarketsandfastertransportationandcommunicationshoulddiminishtheroleoflocationincompetition.Afterall,anythingthatcanbeefficientlysourcedfromadistancethroughglobalmarketsandcorporatenetworksisavailabletoanycompanyandthereforeis
3、essentiallynullifiedasasourceofcompetitiveadvantage.Butiflocationmattersless,why,then,isittruethattheoddsoffindingaworld-classmutual-fundcompanyinBostonaremuchhigherthaninmostanyotherplace?Whycouldthesamebesaidoftextile-relatedcompaniesinNorthCarolinaandSouthCarolina,ofhigh-perfor
4、manceautocompaniesinsouthernGermany,oroffashionshoecompaniesinnorthernItaly?Today'seconomicmapoftheworldisdominatedbywhatIcallclusters:criticalmasses-inoneplace-ofunusualcompetitivesuccessinparticularfields.Clustersareastrikingfeatureofvirtuallyeverynational,regional,state,andeven
5、metropolitaneconomy,especiallyinmoreeconomicallyadvancednations.SiliconValleyandHollywoodmaybetheworld'sbest-knownclusters.Clustersarenotunique,however;theyarehighlytypical-andthereinliesaparadox:theenduringcompetitiveadvantagesinaglobaleconomylieincreasinglyinlocalthings-knowledg
6、e,relationships,motivation-thatdistantrivalscannotmatch.Althoughlocationremainsfundamentaltocompetition,itsroletodaydiffersvastlyfromagenerationago.Inanerawhencompetitionwasdrivenheavilybyinputcosts,locationswithsomeimportantendowment-anaturalharbor,forexample,orasupplyofcheaplabo
7、r-oftenenjoyedacomparativeadvantagethatwasbothcompetitivelydecisiveandpersistentovertime.Competitionintoday'seconomyisfarmoredynamic.Companiescanmitigatemanyinput-costdisadvantagesthroughglobalsourcing,renderingtheoldnotionofcomparativeadvantagelessrelevant.Instead,competitiveadva
8、ntagerestsonmakingmoreproductiveu
