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1、外文翻译原文CompetitionandCooperationinIndustrialClusterMaterialSource：EuropeanPlanningStudiesAuthor：David2.IndustrialClusters:ACriticalReadingofDifferentTheories2.1StandardAgglomerationTheory,FromMarshallOnwardsMarshall,inhiswritingsonSheffield,LancashireandotherBritishreg
2、ions,viewedthemainsourceofexternaleconomiesasthe‘commons’,theinfrastructureandotherservicesfromwhicheachindividualfirminanindustrialdistrictmightdraw(Marshall,1921).Examplesinclude,inmodernterminology,improvedjobsearchandjobmatching,morefavorableaccesstocapitalfinance
3、andinter-firmlabormigration.Theavailabilityofsuchcommonresourcestoanumberoffirmsthenenhancestheirsizeanddiversityasbothcapitalandlaborareattractedtosuchareastoexploitthelargermarketsfortheirservices.Thisinturnleadstoreductionsinfactorpricesand/orincreasesinfactorprodu
4、ctivities.Thesearethewaysinwhichtheexternalbenefittofirmsofalocationintheindustrialdistrictmanifestsitself.Unitproductioncostswillbelowerwithintheindustrialdistrictthanoutwithit.Paralleltohisstudiesofindustrialorganization,inthevariouseditionsofhisPrinciplesofEconomic
5、s,Marshall(1890,1920)helpeddevelopwhatwastobecomestandardagglomerationtheory.Thiswasthenbuiltuponsubsequentlybyanumberofwriters.Forexample,Scitovsky(1954)identifiedafurthercategoryof‘pecuniaryexternaleconomies’,Perroux(1955)contributedhisfamoustheoryofgrowthpoles,andC
6、hinitz(1961)appliedthenotionofagglomerationeconomiestotheeconomicdevelopmentofNewYorkandPittsburgh.Morerecently,Krugma(1991,1995)hasemphasizedtheimportanceofincreasingreturnsasafavorableconditionforthedevelopmentofexternaleconomies.Porter(1990)canalsobeunderstoodasbel
7、ongingtothislineageinthesensethatexternaleconomiesmakeupmanyofthekeyrelationshipswithinhisfamous‘diamond’.Standardagglomerationtheoryprovidesanexplanationofwhyfirmsmightclustertogether,sharinga‘commons’ofbusinessservicesandadiversifiedlabourforce,andformingextensivelo
8、callinkageswithotherfirms.However,itconformstoneo-classicaltheoryinthatlocaleconomiesareviewedascollectionsofatomisticbusine
