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1、CompetitionandCooperationinIndustrialCluster:TheImplicationforPublicPolicyDavidNewlandsEnglishEuropeanPlanningStudies,Vol.11,No.5(2003)2.IndustrialClusters:ACriticalReadingofDifferentTheories2.1StandardAgglomerationTheory,FromMarshallOnwardsMarshall,inhiswritingsonSheffield,Lancashireand
2、otherBritishregions,viewedthemainsourceofexternaleconomiesasthe‘commons’,theinfrastructureandotherservicesfromwhicheachindividualfirminanindustrialdistrictmightdraw(Marshall,1921).Examplesinclude,inmodernterminology,improvedjobsearchandjobmatching,morefavorableaccesstocapitalfinanceandin
3、ter-firmlabormigration.Theavailabilityofsuchcommonresourcestoanumberoffirmsthenenhancestheirsizeanddiversityasbothcapitalandlaborareattractedtosuchareastoexploitthelargermarketsfortheirservices.Thisinturnleadstoreductionsinfactorpricesand/orincreasesinfactorproductivities.Thesearetheways
4、inwhichtheexternalbenefittofirmsofalocationintheindustrialdistrictmanifestsitself.Unitproductioncostswillbelowerwithintheindustrialdistrictthanoutwithit.Paralleltohisstudiesofindustrialorganization,inthevariouseditionsofhisPrinciplesofEconomics,Marshall(1890,1920)helpeddevelopwhatwastobe
5、comestandardagglomerationtheory.Thiswasthenbuiltuponsubsequentlybyanumberofwriters.Forexample,Scitovsky(1954)identifiedafurthercategoryof‘pecuniaryexternaleconomies’,Perroux(1955)contributedhisfamoustheoryofgrowthpoles,andChinitz(1961)appliedthenotionofagglomerationeconomiestotheeconomic
6、developmentofNewYorkandPittsburgh.Morerecently,Krugman(1991,1995)hasemphasizedtheimportanceofincreasingreturnsasafavorableconditionforthedevelopmentofexternaleconomies.Porter(1990)canalsobeunderstoodasbelongingtothislineageinthesensethatexternaleconomiesmakeupmanyofthekeyrelationshipswit
7、hinhisfamous‘diamond’.Standardagglomerationtheoryprovidesanexplanationofwhyfirmsmightclustertogether,sharinga‘commons’ofbusinessservicesandadiversifiedlabourforce,andformingextensivelocallinkageswithotherfirms.However,itconformstoneo-classicaltheoryinthatlocaleconomiesare
