产业集群与产业集群的分析【外文翻译】

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1、外文翻译原文IndustryClustersandIndustryClusterAnalysisMaterialSource:RegionalEconomicDevelopment,SecondEditionAuthor:Robert J. Stimson,Roger R. StoughandBrian H. Roberts6.3.2AttributesofClustersTherearethreesignificantattributesassociatedwithcontemporarynotionsofindustryclusters:(a)S

2、haredend-markets.Thistypicallyincludescompaniesthatproducesimilargoodsforseveralmarkets,andhavesimilarrelationshipswithcustomers,withotherindustries,wholesaleretailtradesectorsordirectlywithconsumers.Endcustomerscanbeseparatedintobuyersthatselltheirproductstowholesalersorinterm

3、ediaries.(b)Strongbuyer-supplierlinkages.Clusterstendtohaveimportantrelationshipswithsuppliers.Thischaracteristichasbecomemoreimportantasindustrieshavedecreasedtheirdegreeofverticalintegrationandout-sourcedinputsintoproduction.(c)Sharedtechnologyandknow-how.Clustersarelikelytos

4、haretechnologies,informationandskillsintheirwork.Thisisparticularlytrueonknowledge-basedindustrieswhereacloseassociationofskilledworkershelpstocreateasynergyofnewideasandfosterinnovation.Sharedoccupationalcharacteristicsareimportantasanindicatoroftechnologyutilizationasalargepa

5、rtofalltechnologytransfertakesplacethroughthehiringofskilledworkers.InregionssuchasCalifornia’sSiliconValleyintheSanFranciscoBayArea,themobilityofworkersbetweenmembercompaniesinanindustrialclusterisoneoftheprimarymodesoftechnologydiffusion,despiteattemptstoholdstaffandvaluablei

6、ntellectualpropertythroughhighindustrypensionsandotherattractiveincentives.6.3.3.TheRoleofClustersandtheEconomicDevelopmentProcessMuchoftheresearchontheappropriateroleofindustryclustersintheeconomicdevelopmentprocesshasbeenfocusedonthedefinitionofacluster(JacobsanddeMan1996;Roe

7、landtetal1997;Rosenfeld1997).Whilenosingledefinitionhascometodominateintheliterature,theroleofeconomicdevelopmentpolicyinresponsetoclustershasconcentratedaroundtheimportanceofdifferingpolicyapproachesfordifferingclusters.Thetypesofinter-firmlinkages,numberandscopeofindustriesre

8、presentedinthecluster,clusterorientation(networkorhub-