产业集群与知识集群【外文翻译】

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1、外文翻译原文IndustryandKnowledgeClustersMaterialSource:CNKIAuthor:KarlEricSveibySomelocalcommunitiesareinbettershapenowadays–economicallyandsocially–thanforgenerations.Thisunprecedentedeconomicdevelopmenthasnotbeeninspiredbygovernments,butistheresultoforganicgrowth.Theclusteringprocessisfedandc

2、atalyzedbycommunity-rootedentrepreneurialheroesandprobusinessacademicstoo.Theyarethe“foodmolecules”withoutwhichthe“clusterreaction,”whichgivesshapetoacollectivelyautocatalyticsystem,wouldonlytakeplacewithgreatdifficulty.Willingnessandcapabilityofthekeyplayerstogeneratenewrelationsinthesys

3、temdeterminethepaceofgrowthofthecluster.Anindustrycluster–asaself-sustaining,self-reinforcinggroupofbusinesseshasbeentermed–generallycentersaroundacoreofhighlyspecializedenterprisesinthesameindustryenrichedbycloselinkswithsupportingfirmsthatproducewhattheformerneed.Corebusinessesareprivat

4、elyownedandareoftenfamily-runbusinessesandfamily-controlledgroups,fewofwhicharelistedonthestockmarket.Industryclustersaregovernedbytheruleoftheauthorityanddelegationunderthejurisdictionoftheindustrialleader(s).Theideaisthatcompaniesshouldconcentrateonafewprocesseswhilebuyingintherestfromt

5、hird-partysuppliersunderlong-termserviceagreements.Thisisthefactthatfeaturesmostprominentlyintheindustryclustereconomy.Industryclusterscanbecircumscribedusinganycombinationofabroadspectrumofcriteria.Anindustrialclustercantakedifferentbutalsooverlappingforms.Bothfacultyresearchersandpracti

6、tionershaveprovidedseveraldefinitions.Forinstance,closegeographicalproximityofinterconnectedindustriessuchasbusinessesthatsharesimilarworkforce,input,orinfrastructuralneedsgivesrisetoaregionalcluster.Industrialdistrictsarelocalclusterswherespatialconcentrationsofmicro-to-smallinward-looki

7、nglocalfirmsandsmall-to-mediumcompaniespredominate.ThelatteroftenholdaninternationalnicheleadershipoperatingclosetooneGeographicalproximityallowsintenseinteractionandenablesalargeamountofinformationtobeexchangedwithinand7betweenestablishedwebsofcomplementaryorinterd