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1、本科毕业论文外文翻译出处：EuropeanPlanningStudies,Vol.11,No.5(2003)作者：DavidNewlandsCompetitionandCooperationinIndustrialCluster:TheImplicationforPublicPolicy2.IndustrialClusters:ACriticalReadingofDifferentTheories2.1StandardAgglomerationTheory,FromMarshallOnwardsMarshall,inhiswritingsonSheffi
2、eld,LancashireandotherBritishregions,viewedthemainsourceofexternaleconomiesasthe‘commons’,theinfrastructureandotherservicesfromwhicheachindividualfirminanindustrialdistrictmightdraw(Marshall,1921).Examplesinclude,inmodernterminology,improvedjobsearchandjobmatching,morefavorableac
3、cesstocapitalfinanceandinter-firmlabormigration.Theavailabilityofsuchcommonresourcestoanumberoffirmsthenenhancestheirsizeanddiversityasbothcapitalandlaborareattractedtosuchareastoexploitthelargermarketsfortheirservices.Thisinturnleadstoreductionsinfactorpricesand/orincreasesinfac
4、torproductivities.Thesearethewaysinwhichtheexternalbenefittofirmsofalocationintheindustrialdistrictmanifestsitself.Unitproductioncostswillbelowerwithintheindustrialdistrictthanoutwithit.Paralleltohisstudiesofindustrialorganization,inthevariouseditionsofhisPrinciplesofEconomics,Ma
5、rshall(1890,1920)helpeddevelopwhatwastobecomestandardagglomerationtheory.Thiswasthenbuiltuponsubsequentlybyanumberofwriters.Forexample,Scitovsky(1954)identifiedafurthercategoryof‘pecuniaryexternaleconomies’,Perroux(1955)contributedhisfamoustheoryofgrowthpoles,andChinitz(1961)appl
6、iedthenotionofagglomerationeconomiestotheeconomicdevelopmentofNewYorkandPittsburgh.Morerecently,Krugman(1991,1995)hasemphasizedtheimportanceofincreasingreturnsasafavorableconditionforthedevelopmentofexternaleconomies.Porter(1990)canalsobeunderstoodasbelongingtothislineageinthesen
7、sethatexternaleconomiesmakeupmanyofthekeyrelationshipswithinhisfamous‘diamond’.Standardagglomerationtheoryprovidesanexplanationofwhyfirmsmightclustertogether,sharinga‘commons’ofbusinessservicesandadiversifiedlabourforce,andformingextensivelocallinkageswithotherfirms.However,itcon
8、formstoneo-classicaltheoryinthatlocaleco
