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1、外文翻译原文clustersandtheNewEconomicsofCompetitionMaterialSource:HarvardBusinessReviewreprint1998(6)Author:MichaelE.Porternowthatcompaniescansourcecapital,goods,information,andtechnologyfromaroundtheworld,oftenwiththeclickofamouse,muchoftheconventionalwisdomabouthowcompaniesandnationscompetenee
2、dstobeoverhauled.Intheory,moreopenglobalmarketsandfastertransportationandcommunicationshoulddiminishtheroleoflocationincompetition.Afterall,anythingthatcanbeefficientlysourcedfromadistancethroughglobalmarketsandcorporatenetworksisavailabletoanycompanyandthereforeisessentiallynullifiedasaso
3、urceofcompetitiveadvantage.Butiflocationmattersless,why,then,isittruethattheoddsoffindingaworld-classmutual-fundcompanyinBostonaremuchhigherthaninmostanyotherplace?Whycouldthesamebesaidoftextile-relatedcompaniesinNorthCarolinaandSouthCarolina,ofhigh-performanceautocompaniesinsouthernGerman
4、y,oroffashionshoecompaniesinnorthernItaly?Today’seconomicmapoftheworldisdominatedbywhatIcallclusters:criticalmasses–inoneplace–ofunusualcompetitivesuccessinparticularfields.Clustersareastrikingfeatureofvirtuallyeverynational,regional,state,andevenmetropolitaneconomy,especiallyinmoreeconomi
5、callyadvancednations.SiliconValleyandHollywoodmaybetheworld’sbest-knownclusters.Clustersarenotunique,however;theyarehighlytypical–andthereinliesaparadox:theenduringcompetitiveadvantagesinaglobaleconomylieincreasinglyinlocalthings–knowledge,relationships,motivation–thatdistantrivalscannotma
6、tch.Althoughlocationremainsfundamentaltocompetition,itsroletodaydiffersvastlyfromagenerationago.Inanerawhencompetitionwasdrivenheavilybyinputcosts,locationswithsomeimportantendowment–anaturalharbor,forexample,orasupplyofcheaplabor–oftenenjoyedacomparativeadvantagethatwasbothcompetitivelyde
7、cisiveandpersistentovertime.9Competitionintoday’seconomyisfarmoredynamic.Companiescanmitigatemanyinput-costdisadvantagesthroughglobalsourcing,renderingtheoldnotionofcomparativeadvantagelessrelevant.Instead,competitiveadvantagerestsonmakingmoreproductiveuseofin
