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1、外文翻译原文ClustersandtheneweconomicsofcompetitionMaterialSource:MichaelE.Porter.ClustersandtheNewEconomiesofCompetition[J].HarvardBusinessReview,1998(3).Author:MichaelE.PorterAbstract:Today'seconomicmapoftheworldisdominatedbywhatarecalledclusters:criticalmassesinoneplaceofunu
2、sualcompetitivesuccessinparticularfields.Clustersarenotunique,however;theyarehighlytypicalandthereinliesaparadox:theenduringcompetitiveadvantagesinaglobaleconomylieincreasinglyinlocalthingsknowledge,relationships,motivationthatdistantrivalscannotmatch.Untanglingtheparadox
3、oflocationinaglobaleconomyrevealsanumberofkeyinsightsabouthowcompaniescontinuallycreatecompetitiveadvantage.Whathappensinsidecompaniesisimportant,butclustersrevealthattheimmediatebusinessenvironmentoutsidecompaniesplaysavitalroleaswell.Thisroleoflocationshasbeenlongoverlo
4、oked,despitestrikingevidencethatinnovationandcompetitivesuccessinsomanyfieldsaregeographicallyconcentrated.Keywords:clusters;Competition;competitiveadvantage;developmentNowthatcompaniescansourcecapital,goods,information,andtechnologyfromaroundtheworld,oftenwiththeclickofa
5、mouse,muchoftheconventionalwisdomabouthowcompaniesandnationscompeteneedstobeoverhauled.Intheory,moreopenglobalmarketsandfastertransportationandcommunicationshoulddiminishtheroleoflocationincompetition.Afterall,anythingthatcanbeefficientlysourcedfromadistancethroughglobalm
6、arketsandcorporatenetworksisavailabletoanycompanyandthereforeisessentiallynullifiedasasourceofcompetitiveadvantage.Butiflocationmattersless,why,then,isittruethattheoddsoffindingaworld-classmutual-fundcompanyinBostonaremuchhigherthaninmostanyotherplace?Whycouldthesamebesai
7、doftextile-relatedcompaniesinNorthCarolinaandSouthCarolina,ofhigh-performanceautocompaniesinsouthernGermany,oroffashionshoecompaniesinnorthernItaly?Althoughlocationremainsfundamentaltocompetition,itsroletodaydiffersvastlyfromagenerationago.Inanerawhencompetitionwasdrivenh
8、eavilybyinputcosts,locationswithsomeimportantendowmentnaturalharbor,forexample,orasupplyofcheapl