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1、外文翻译之一CLUSTERING,NETWORKINGANDCOMPETITIVEADVANTAGEAuthor:JohnHumphrey&HubertSchmitzNationality:U.K.Derivation:Principlesforpromotingclusters&networksofSMEs,CommissionedbytheSmallandMediumEnterprisesBranchOctober1995IndustrialdistrictsinEuropeappeartohavesec
2、uredcompetitiveadvantageinthesupplytodemandnichemarkets.Theyhavedonethisbycompetingmainlyonthebasisofquality,design,speedofinnovationandspeedofresponse.Thismightseemfarremovedfrom,forexample,thecottonknitwearclusterofTiruppurinSouthIndia.Thisclusterhasachie
3、vedgreatsuccessinexportingbasiccottontextiles,butasyetitshowslittlecapacitytomoveintohighervaluemarketniches(SwaminathanandJeyaranjan1994).AnenormousgulfremainsbetweenthesmallknitwearfirmsofTiruppurandthe‘networksoftechnologicallysophisticated,highlyflexibl
4、emanufacturingfirms’whichPioreandSabel(1984:17)characterizeasthebasisoftheItaliansuccess.However,itwillbearguedherethatthesedifferingcasesdohaveimportantthingsincommon,andthatwhattheyhaveincommonprovidesthepotentialforclusterssuchasTiruppurtoupgradetheirfac
5、ilitiesandbecometechnologicallymoresophisticatedandmorecapableofcompetingindemandingmarkets.Whattheyhaveincommonisthecompetitiveadvantagewhichariseswhenenterpriseswhichareclusteredtogetheraredrivenforwardbytheneedsofdemandingcustomers.Theideathattherearegai
6、nsinclusteringisoldhatinindustrialeconomics.ItcanbetracedbacktoAlfredMarshall’sanalysisofindustrialdistrictsinBritain.InhisPrinciplesofEconomics(1stedition,1890),Marshallstressedtheeconomieswhich‘canoftenbesecuredbytheconcentrationofmanysmallbusinessesofasi
7、milarcharacterinparticularlocalities’(8thedition,1920,221).Hereferstosuchgainsas‘externaleconomies’andseesthemasparticularlyrelevanttosmallfirms.TheconceptofexternaleconomiesisintroducedbyMarshallinordertodrawout(i)whyandhowthelocationofindustrymatters,and(
8、ii)whyandhowsmallfirmscanbe9Ⅲ-efficientandcompetitive.Inhisownwords,‘wenowproceedtoexaminethoseveryimportantexternaleconomieswhichcanoftenbesecuredbytheconcentrationofmanysmallbusinessesofasimilarchara
