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1、外文翻译原文TheCompetitiveAdvantageofNationsMaterialSource:www.google.com.hkAuthor:MichaelE.PorterNationalprosperityiscreated,notinherited.Itdoesnotgrowoutofacountry’snaturalendowments,itslaborpool,itsinterestrates,oritscurrency’svalue,asclassicaleconomicsinsists.Anation’scompetit
2、ivenessdependsonthecapacityofitsindustrytoinnovateandupgrade.Companiesgainadvantageagainsttheworld’sbestcompetitorsbecauseofpressureandchallenge.Theybenefitfromhavingstrongdomesticrivals,aggressivehomebasedsuppliers,anddemandinglocalcustomers.Inaworldofincreasinglyglobalcomp
3、etition,nationshavebecomemore,notless,important.Asthebasisofcompetitionhasshiftedmoreandmoretothecreationandassimilationofknowledge,theroleofthenationhasgrown.Whyarecertaincompaniesbasedincertainnationscapableofconsistentinnovation?Whydotheyruthlesslypursueimprovements,seeki
4、nganevermoresophisticatedsourceofcompetitiveadvantage?Whyaretheyabletoovercomethesubstantialbarrierstochangeandinnovationthatsooftenaccompanysuccess?Theanswerliesinfourbroadattiresofanation,attributesthatindividuallyandasasystemconstitutethediamondofnationaladvantage,theplay
5、ingfieldthateachnationestablishesandoperatesforitsindustries.Thefourbroadattributesofanationareasfollows:1.FactorConditions.Thenation'spositioninfactorsofproduction,suchasskilledlabororinfrastructure,necessarytocompeteinagivenindustry.2.Demandconditions.Thenatureofhome-marke
6、tdemandfortheindustry'sproductorservice.3.Relatedandsupportingindustries.Thepresenceorabsenceinthenationofsupplierindustriesthatisinternationallycompetitive.4.Firmstrategy,structure,andrivalry.Theconditionsinthenationgoverninghowcompaniesarecreatedorganizedandmanaged,aswella
7、sthenatureofdomesticrivalry.Themostimportantfactorsofproductionarethosethatinvolvesustainedandheavyinvestmentandarespecialized.Basicfactors,suchasapooloflabororalocalrawmaterialsource,donotconstituteanadvantageinknowledge-intensiveindustries.Companiescanaccessthemeasilythrou
8、ghaglobalstrategyorcircumventthemthroughtechnology.Contrarytoconventionalwi