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1、外文翻译原文TheCompetitiveAdvantageofNationsMaterialSource:HarvardBusinessPreviewAuthor:MichaelE.PorterNationprosperityiscreated,notinherited.Itdoesnotgrowoutofacountry'snaturalendowments,itslabourpool,itsinterestrates,oritscurrency'svalue,asclassicaleconomicsinsists.Anation'scompetitive
2、nessdependsonthecapacityofitsindustrytoinnovateandupgrade.Companiesgainadvantageagainsttheworld'sbestcompetitorsbecauseofpressureandchallenge.Theybenefitfromhavingstrongdomesticrivals,aggressivehome-basedsuppliers,anddemandinglocalcustomers.Inaworldofincreasinglyglobalcompetition,n
3、ationshavebecomemore,notless,important.Asthebasisofcompetitionhasshiftedmoreandmoretothecreationandassimilationofknowledge,theroleofthenationhasgrown.Competitiveadvantageiscreatedandsustainedthroughahighlylocalizedprocess.Differencesinnationalvalues,culture,economicsstructures,inst
4、itutions,andhistoriesallcontributetocompetitivesuccess.Therearestrikingdifferencesinthepatternsofcompetitivenessineverycountry;nonationcanorwillbecompetitiveineveryorevenmostindustriesbecausetheirhomeenvironmentisthemostforward-looking,dynamic,andchallenging.Theseconclusions,thepro
5、ductofafour-yearstudyofthepatternsofcompetitivesuccessintenleadingtradingnations,contradicttheconventionalwisdomthatguidesthethinkingofmanycompaniesandnationalgovernmentsandthatispervasivetodayintheUnitedStates.Accordingtoprevailingthinking,labourcosts,interestrates,exchangerates,a
6、ndeconomiesofscalearethemostpotentdeterminantsofcompetitiveness.Incompanies,thewordsofthedayaremerger,alliance,strategicpartnerships,collaboration,andsupranationalglobalization.Managersarepressingformoregovernmentsupportforparticularindustries.Amonggovernments,thereisagrowingtenden
7、cytoexperimentwithvarious8policiesintendedtopromotenationalcompetitivenessfromeffortstomanageexchangeratestonewmeasurestomanagetradetopoliciestorelaxantitrustwhichusuallyenduponlyunderminingit.Theseapproaches,nowmuchinfavourinbothcompaniesandgovernments,areflawed.Theyfundamentallym
8、isperceivethetruesourceofc