英语语言学知识整理

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1、-Chapter1Introduction语言学的定义：Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.问题：Howdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage?→Itisascientificstudybecauseitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwi

2、threferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Whatthelinguisthastodo“first,then,but”:①toobserveandcollectlanguagefactsandgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem.②toformulatesomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.③tocheckthehypothesesthusformedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofull

3、yprovetheirvalidity.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.(普通语言学)问题:Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?→phonetics（语音学）→thestudyofsounds→phonology（音位学）→studyhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaning→morphology（形态学）→studythewayinwh

4、ichsymbolsormorphemesarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords.→syntax（句法学）→thestudyofrulesofformingsentences→semantics（语义学）→thestudyofmeaning→pragmatics（语用学）→thecontextoflanguageuseSociolinguistics（社会语言学）：Thestudiesofallthesesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyformthecoreof

5、thebranch.Psycholinguistics（语言心理学）：RelatethestudyoflanguagetopsychologyAppliedlinguistics（应用语言学）：Inanarrowsenseitreferstotheapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics:①pre

6、scriptive（规定性）/descriptive（描写性）②synchronic（共时）/diachronic（历时）③speech（口语）/writing（书面语）④langue（语言）/parole（言语）（theSwisslinguistF.deSaussure——CourseinGeneralLinguistics）⑤competence（语言能力）/performance（语言应用）（theAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky）⑥traditionalgrammar（传统语法）/modernlinguistics（现代语言学

7、）.---问题：inwhatbasicwaysdoesmodernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar?①linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.②modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.③modernlinguisticsdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.问题：Ismodernl

8、inguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?Why?Inmo