语言学知识点整理

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1、第一单元Whatislinguistics?什么是语言学？Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.Thescopeoflinguistics语言学研究的范畴Phonetics语音学Phonology音系学Morphology形态学Syntax句法学Semantics语义学Pragmatics语用学Sociolinguistics社会语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学

2、Appliedlinguistics应用语言学Phonetics语音学：thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheestablishmentofabranchoflinguisticscalledphoneticsPhonology音系学:aslinguistsbecameinterestedinhowsoundsputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication,theydevelopedanotherbranchofstudyrelatedtosoundscalledpho

3、nology.Morphology形态学:thestudyofthewayinwhichthesesymbolsarearrangedformwordshasconstitutedthebranchofstudycalledmorphology.Syntax句法学:thecombinationofthesewordstoformpermissiblesentencesinlanguagesisgovernedbyrules,thestudyoftheserulesconstitutesamajorbranchoflinguisticsstudiesSemantics语义学:thestu

4、dyofmeaningwasgraduallydevelopedandbecameknownassemanticsPragmatics语用学:whenthestudyofmeaningisconducted,notinisolaion,butinthecontextofuse,itbecomesanotherbranchoflinguisticstudycalledpragmaticsSociolinguistics社会语言学:thestudyofallthesesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyformthecoreoft

5、hebranchcalledsociolinguisticsPsycholinguistics心理语言学:PsycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychologyAppliedlinguistics应用语言学:findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesolutionofsuchpracticalproblemsastherecoveryofspeechability.thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasappliedling

6、uisticsOtherrelatedbranchsincludeanthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationallinguistics.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics。人类学/神经语言学/数理语言学/计算语言学1.PrescriptivevsDescriptive规定性与描述性Descriptive：alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeoplea

7、ctuallyuse.Prescriptive:itaimslaydownrulesfor“correct”behavior.Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive;itsinvestigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokendata.Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon“high”writtenlanguage2.Synchr