新编英语语言学复习知识点整理.doc

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1、第一单元Whatislinguistics?什么是语言学？Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.Thescopeoflinguistics语言学研究的范畴Phonetics语音学Phonology音系学Morphology形态学Syntax句法学Semantics语义学Pragmatics语用学Sociolinguistics社

2、会语言学Psycholinguistics心理语言学Appliedlinguistics应用语言学Phonetics语音学：thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheestablishmentofabranchoflinguisticscalledphoneticsPhonology音系学:aslinguistsbecameinterestedinhowsoundsputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication,t

3、heydevelopedanotherbranchofstudyrelatedtosoundscalledphonology.Morphology形态学:thestudyofthewayinwhichthesesymbolsarearrangedformwordshasconstitutedthebranchofstudycalledmorphology.Syntax句法学:thecombinationofthesewordstoformpermissiblesentencesinlanguagesisgovernedbyrule

4、s,thestudyoftheserulesconstitutesamajorbranchoflinguisticsstudiesSemantics语义学:thestudyofmeaningwasgraduallydevelopedandbecameknownassemanticsPragmatics语用学:whenthestudyofmeaningisconducted,notinisolaion,butinthecontextofuse,itbecomesanotherbranchoflinguisticstudycalled

5、pragmaticsSociolinguistics社会语言学:thestudyofallthesesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyformthecoreofthebranchcalledsociolinguisticsPsycholinguistics心理语言学:PsycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychologyAppliedlinguistics应用语言学:findingsinlinguisticstud

6、iescanoftenbeappliedtothesolutionofsuchpracticalproblemsastherecoveryofspeechability.thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasappliedlinguisticsOtherrelatedbranchsincludeanthropologicallinguistics,neurologicallinguistics,mathematicallinguistics,andcomputationalling

7、uistics.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics。人类学/神经语言学/数理语言学/计算语言学1.PrescriptivevsDescriptive规定性与描述性Descriptive：alinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Prescriptive:itaimslaydownrulesfor“correct”behavior.Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive;itsinv

8、estigationsarebasedonauthentic,andmainlyspokendata.Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive;itisbasedon“high”writtenlanguage2.Synchr