新编简明英语语言学教程整理

新编简明英语语言学教程整理

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时间:2019-02-25

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1、定义Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.GeneralLinguistics:ThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.DesignFeatures:Itreferstothedefiningpopertiesofhumanlanguagethatdist

2、inguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Linguistics:Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.Thescopeoflinguistics:Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.(普通语言学)Thestudyofsounds,whichareusedinling

3、uisticcommunication,iscalledphonetics.(语音学)Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.(音系学)Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsarecalledmorphology.(形态学)Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax(句法学)Thestudyofmeaningin

4、languageiscalledsemantics.(语义学)Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.(语用学)Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsocio-linguistics.(社会语言学)Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingofmindiscalledpsycho-linguistics.(心理语言学)1.宽式音标BroadtranscriptionThetranscriptionofspeechsoun

5、dswithlettersymbolsonly.2.窄式音标NarrowtranscriptionThetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.3.清音VoicelessWhenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.4.浊音VoicingSoundsproducedwhileth

6、evocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.5.元音VowelThesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.6.辅音ConsonantsThesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevoca

7、ltractarecalledconsonants.7.音位PhonemeThebasicunitinphonology,it’sacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.8.音位变体AllophonesDifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.9.音素phoneAphone

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