英语 语言学 知识点整理

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1、★Haliday—childlanguage.Macrofunctions:ideational,interpersonal,textual.★whataremajorbranchesoflinguistics?whatdoeseachstudy?Phonetics----thestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage,it’sconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.Phonology---thestudyofsoundssystems—thei

2、nventoryofdistinctivesoundsthatoccurinalanguageandthepatternsintowhichtheyfall.Morphology---It’sabranchofagrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Syntax-------it'sasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureofalanguage.Semant

3、ics---It’ssimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaninginabstraction.Pragmatics---thestudyofmeaningincontextofwords.Thestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Sociolinguistics—thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.Psycholinguistics---thestudyoflangua

4、gewithreferencetotheworkingofthemind.Appliedlinguistics---theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.Chapter2Phonology★threebranchesofphonetics:①Articulatory—describesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.②Audit

5、ory-–studiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,reachestheimportantconclusionthatphoneticidentityisonlyatheoreticalideal.③Acoustic-–studiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,thewaysoundtravelfromthespeakertothehearer.★OrgansofSpeech:Pharyngealcavity–咽腔Oralcavity–口腔greates

6、tsourceofmodificationofairstreamfoundhereNasalcavity–鼻腔★Broadtranscription:Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.(leaf/l/)★Narrowtranscription:Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.(dark/l/~)★PhoneticsandPhonology区别:areconcernedwitht

7、hesameaspectoflanguage-thespeechsounds.①Phonetics:itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages;phoneticfeaturestheypossess;howtheycanbeclassified,etc.②Phonology:itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginling

8、uisticcommunication.★rulesinPhonology:①Sequentialrules:Rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsou