英语语言学的知识整理

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1、实用标准文案Chapter1Introduction语言学的定义：Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.问题：Howdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage?→Itisascientificstudybecauseitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigation

2、oflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Whatthelinguisthastodo“first,then,but”:①toobserveandcollectlanguagefactsandgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem.②toformulatesomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.③tocheckthehypothes

3、esthusformedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.(普通语言学)问题:Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?→phonetics（语音学）→thestudyofsounds→phonology（音位学）→studyhow

4、soundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaning→morphology（形态学）→studythewayinwhichsymbolsormorphemesarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords.→syntax（句法学）→thestudyofrulesofformingsentences→semantics（语义学）→thestudyofmeaning→pragmatics（语用学）→thecontextoflanguageuseSociolin

5、guistics（社会语言学）：Thestudiesofallthesesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyformthecoreofthebranch.Psycholinguistics（语言心理学）：RelatethestudyoflanguagetopsychologyAppliedlinguistics（应用语言学）：Inanarrowsenseitreferstotheapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandp

6、rinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics:①prescriptive（规定性）/descriptive（描写性）②synchronic（共时）/diachronic（历时）③speech（口语）/writing（书面语）④langue（语言）/parole（言语）（theSwisslinguistF.deSaussure

7、——CourseinGeneralLinguistics）⑤competence（语言能力）/performance（语言应用）（theAmericanlinguistN.Chomsky）⑥traditionalgrammar（传统语法）/modernlinguistics（现代语言学）精彩文档实用标准文案问题：inwhatbasicwaysdoesmodernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar?①linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletrad

8、itionalgrammarisprescriptive.②modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.③modernlinguisticsdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.问题：Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachron