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1、1.Slang:俚语wordofthisgroupbelongtothesub-standardlanguage(acategorythatseemstostandbetweenthestandardgeneralwordsandinformalonesavailabletoeveryone)egroger(understand),catch(talkto)2.Archaisms:古语词archaismsarewordsorformthatwereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedo
2、rlimiteduse.egthou(you).wilt(will)3.Neologisms:新词语thiscategoryrefertonewly-createdwordsorexpressionsorwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.egthepill=anoralcontraceptive4.Denizens:同化词denizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheenglishlanguage.inthewordstheyha
3、vecometoconformtoenglishwayofpronunciationandspelling.egporkfromporc(F).cupfromcuppa(L)5.Aliens:非同化词aliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.Egdecor(F)6.translationloans:译借词translationloansarewordsandexpressionsformedformtheexistingmaterialin
4、theenglishlanguagebutmodelledonthepatternstakenfromantherlanguage.egketchupfromfanqiejiang(CHdial)lamafromlama(Tib)7.semanticloans:借义词wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheformbuttothemeaning.intheotherwords,englishhasborrowedanewmeaningforanexistingwordinthelangua
5、ge.egPioneeroncesignified‘explorer’onlyor‘persondoingpioneeringwork’,anditnowhastakenonthenewmeaningofamemberoftheYoungPioneer’8.Freeversusboundmorphemes:自由语素粘着语素Morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesarefree.freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreeg
6、rammaticalunitsinsentence.egtheyareidenticalWithwords,forexample,man,earth,wind,carandanger.collect,idealandprisoncanstandbythemselvesandthusarefreemorphemes.alltherestre-,-ion,-ist,-ic,ex-and-erareboundasnoneofthemfreestandingunits9.Derivationalversusinflectionalmorphemes:①mor
7、phemeswichareusedtoderivenewwordsareknownasderivationalmorphemes.egclear+ance,life+like.②.Inflectionmorphemes:曲折语素indicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.inflectionalmorphemesareconfinedtosuffixes.Thereistheregularpluralsuffix-s(-es)whichisa
8、ddedtonounssuchasmachines,fridges,desks,radioandpotato
