lexicology词汇学名词解释.doc

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1、Chapter1  BasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary 1．Thedefinitionofaword：   Awordisaminimalfreeformoflanguagewhichhasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.2．SoundandMeaning   Thereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenasoundandwhatitrefersto.Therelationbet

2、weensoundandmeaningisalmostalwaysarbitraryorconventional.Thesamelanguagecanusethesamesoundtomeandifferentthingsandthedifferentlanguagesusedifferentsoundstorefertothesamething.3．SoundandForm ThewrittenformofEnglishisnotanaccuraterepresentationofthespokenfo

3、rm.TherearedifferentcausesofthedifferencesbetweensoundsandformsintheEnglishlanguage.1)TheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnotemploythesystemofonesinglelettertostandforonesound.2)Theearlyscribesdeliberatelychangedspellingofwordstomakealineev

4、enorforeasierrecognition.3)Dictionarieshelptofixthespellingofwords  4)Englishhasborrowedmanywordsfromotherlanguages,whichmaynothavebeenassimilated. 4．VocabularyAllthewordsinalanguagearetermedasvocabulary.However,vocabularycanalsobeusedtorefertoallthewords

5、inabook,orinaparticularhistoricalperiodoftime,orinadialect,orinaparticulardiscipline,oreventoallthewordsthatapersonpossesses.5．ClassificationofWordsWordscanbeclassifiedintothebasicwordstockandnon-basicwordstockbyusefrequency,intocontentwordsandfunctionalw

6、ordsbynotionandintonativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin.  1)TheCharacteristicsoftheBasicWordStock         (1)Allnationalcharacter         (2)stability         (3)productivity         (4)polysemy         (5)collocability2)TheCharacteristicsofborrowedwords(1

7、)Denizens:theearlyborrowedwordswhichhavebeenassimilatedandconformedtotheEnglishwayofpronunciationandspelling.(2)Aliens:theborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheforeignwayofpronunciationorspellingandhavenotbeenassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.(3)Translation-lo

8、ans:thewordsandexpressionswhichareformedfromtheexistingEnglishmaterials,butmodeledonthepatternsofanotherlanguage.(4)Semanticloans:wordswhichhavenotbeenborrowedwithreferencetotheform,buttothemeanings.3)RolesPlayedbyt