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1、Morphology1ThedefinitionofmorphologyMorphologyisthebranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwords,andoftherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Morphologyisgenerallydividedintotwofields:thestudyofInflectionsandofWord-formation.2InflectionInflectionisthemanifestationofgrammaticalrelation
2、shipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcase,whichdonotchangethegrammaticalclassofthestemstowhichtheyareattached.Ex.number:table/tablesapple/applescar/cars2Inflection(b)person,finitenessandaspect:talk/talks/talking/talkedopen/opens/opening
3、/openedshout/shouts/shouting/shouted(c)case:boy/boy’sJohn/John’suniversity/university’sEachsetintheaboveexamplesconstitutesasingleparadigm,thatis,asetofgrammaticallyconditionedformsallderivedfromasinglerootorstem.3Word-formationWord-formation,initsrestrictedsense,referstotheprocesses
4、ofwordvariationssignallinglexicalrelationships.Itcanbefurthersubclassifiedintothecompositionaltype(compound)andthederivational(derivation).3.1CompoundThetermCompoundcoversawiderangeofdifferentrelationsbetweenlexicalwords.Forinstance,3Word-formationEx.Nouncompoundsday+breakdaybreak(N+
5、V)play+boyplayboy(V+N)hair+cuthaircut(N+V)call+girlcallgirl(V+N)wind+millwindmill(N+N)3Word-formation(b)Verbcompoundsbrain+washbrainwash(N+V)lip+readlipread(N+V)baby+sitbabysit(N+V)(c)Adjectivecompoundsman+eatingmaneating(N+Ving)heart+feltheartfelt(N+Ved)duty+freedutyfree(N+Adj)3Word
6、-formation(d)Prepositioncompoundsin+tointothrough+outthroughoutSomefeaturesoftheEnglishcompoundsOrthographically,acompoundcanbewrittenasoneword,twoseparatewordswithorwithoutahypheninbetween.Syntactically,thepartofspeechofacompoundisdeterminedbythelastelement.Semantically,themeaningof
7、acompoundisidiomatic,notcalculablefromthemeaningsofallitscomponents.Phonetically,thewordstressofacompoundusuallyfallsonthefirstelement.3Word-formation3.2DerivationDifferentfromcompounds,derivationshowstherelationbetweenstemsandaffixes.Forinstance,un+consciousunconsciousnation+alnatio
8、nalnational+
