语言学课件LECTURE-3_Morphology

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1、LECTURE-3MORPHOLOGYSuZhanghai3.1Morphology(形态学)1.Definition:Morphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.e.g.:ABlikedislikeorderdisorderappeardisappearapprovedisapproveagreedisagreeadvantagesdisadvantages2.WordandwordclassesWord:Nosatisfac

2、torydefinitionsofar.InthecaseofEnglish,awordisameaningfulgroupoflettersprintedorwrittenhorizontallyacrossapieceofpaper.Wordsareunitsfallbetweenpausesinspeech.Awordis“aminimumfreeform”inalanguage,thatis,thesmallestformthatcanoccurbyitself.---Bloomfield.Abetterwaytodefineawordisprobabl

3、ytosurveythefourcharacteristicsofaword.Firstofall,awordisasoundorcombinationofsoundswhichweproducevoluntarilywithourvocalequipment.Phonemesbuildupintomorphemes,whicharethesmallestworkingunitsofmeaningfulsoundandwhichthenbuildupintowords:WordsMorphemesPhonemesOne-morphemewordwe/wi:/(t

4、wophonemes)cat/kæt/(threephonemes)Two-morphemewordreader/ri:də/(fourphonemes)jumper/dΛmpə/(fivephonemes)Second,awordissymbolic,i.e.itstandsforsomethingelse,suchasobjects,happenings,orideas.Thesymbolicconnectionisalmostalwaysarbitrary;thereisnologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundwhichs

5、tandsforathingorideaandtheactualthingorideaitself.Theonlyexceptionsforthisruleareonomatopoeticorechoicwordssuchasbangorcuckoo.Third,wordsarepartofthelargecommunicationsystemwecalllanguage.Awordispartlydependentformeaninguponitsuseinthelargercontext.Lastly,wordshelphumanbeingsinteract

6、culturallywithoneanother.Insomesituations,theactofspeakingismoreimportantthanwhatweactuallysay.Openclassandclosedclass(开放性词类和封闭性词类)openclasswords(开放性词类)=contentwords(实义词)nouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsclosedclasswords(封闭性词类)="grammatical"or"functional''words(功能词)conjunctions,preposi

7、tions,articlesandpronouns3.2Morphemes--theminimalunitsofmeaning(词素—最小的意义单位)morphemesboundmorphemes(粘着词素)freemorphemes(自由词素)prefixes(前缀)suffixes(后缀)Derivationalmorphemes:newwordsarederivedInflectionalmorphemes:Grammaticalmarkers---tense,number,case,etc.3.4Morphologicalrulesofwordforma

8、tion(词汇构成的词素