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1、Chapter3MorphologyMorphology,asasub-branchoflinguistics,referstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Generallyspeaking,morphologycanfurtherdividedintotwobroadcategories,namely,inflectional(屈折)morphologyandderivationalmophology,whichareboth
2、concernedwiththesmallestunitatthegrammaticallevel.1.WordWord:aunitofexpressionthathasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynative-speakers,whetherspokenorwritten1.1Threesensesof“word”:1)Aphysicallydefinableunit:Wordmaybeseenasaclusterofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentowpausesorbla
3、nks.2)Wordbothasageneraltermandasaspecificterm:boy,boyscheck,checks,checked,checking3)Agrammaticalunit:sentenceclausephrasewordmorpheme1.2Identificationofwords1)Stability:theconstituentpartsofacomplexwordcannotberearrangedchairman﹡manchairThechairmanlookedattheaudience.Th
4、eaudiencelookedatthechairman.2)Relativeuninterruptibility:Newelementscannotbeinsertedintoawordevenwhenthereareseveralpartsinaword.disappointmentdis+appoint+mentPaul,(Jane)andRebeccaaremyclassmates.3)Aminimumfreeform:thesmallestunitthatcanconstituteacompleteutterancebyitse
5、lf,e.g.--IsJanecomingtonight?--Possibly.Hi.Wonderful.1.3Classificationofwords1)Variablevs.invariablewords:Variablewords:Onecouldfindorderedandregularseriesofgrammaticallydifferentwordforms;ontheotherhand,partofthewordremainsconstantfollow,follows,following,followed;mat,ma
6、tsInvariablewords:thosewordssuchassince,when,seldom,through,hello.Theydonothaveinflectiveendings.2)Grammaticalwordsvs.lexicalwords:Grammaticalwords:expressgrammaticalmeanings,suchasconjunctions,prepositions,articles,pronounsLexicalwords:havelexicalmeanings,thosewhichrefer
7、tosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.Thelexicalwordscarrythemaincontentofalanguage(contentwords)andthegrammaticalwordsservetolinkthedifferentpartsofasentencetogether(functionwords).3)Closed-classwordsvs.open-classwords:Closed-class:awordwho
8、semembershipisfixedorlimited.Newmembersarenotregularlyadded.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,a
