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1、ReviewMorphologyWordMorphemewordformationReviewQuestions1.HowareEnglishconsonantsclassified?2.HowareEnglishVowelsclassified?Chapter3Morphology3.1Morphology3.1.1WordWhatisaword?Bloomfielddefinedawordasa“minimumfreeform”,thatisthesmallestformthatcanoccurbyitself.word=sound+meaningEg.Go---[gəu]+
2、meaning(wheretogo)Go,goes,goingGoasafreeform/rootIdentificationofwords词的特点StabilityRelativeuninterruptibilityAminimumfreeformClassificationofwordsVariableandinvariablewords可变词和不变词Grammaticalwordsandlexicalwords语法词和词汇词(functionwordsandcontentwords功能词和实义词)Closed-classwordsandopen-classwords封闭类词
3、和开放类词VariableandinvariablewordsVariablewordshaveinflectiveendings,i.e.partofthewordremainsconstantwhiletheotherpartchangesregularlytofulfilldifferentgrammaticalfunctions.happy---happier---happiestinterest---interesting---interestedInvariablewords,suchassince,when,hello,donothaveinflectiveendi
4、ngs.Grammaticalwordsandlexicalwords语法词和词汇词(functionwordsandcontentwords功能词和实义词)GrammaticalwordsandlexicalwordsGrammaticalwordsarethoseexpressinggrammaticalmeanings,likeconjunctions,prepositions,andpronouns.Lexicalwordsarethosehavinglexicalmeanings,i.e.referringtosubstance,actionandquality(性质)
5、,likenouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbs.Closed-classwordsandopen-classwords1.Openclasswords:orcontentwords,towhichnewwordscanberegularlyaddedNouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs2.Closedclasswords:or“grammatical”or“functional”words,towhichnewwordsarenotusuallyaddedConjunctions,prepositions,articles,pr
6、onounsNumeralscardinalnumeralsi.e.one,two,onehundred,threemillionsordinalnumeralsi.e.first,second,eighth,twenty-thirdInterjectioni.e.exclamation,sorrow,surprise,regret,etc.Oh,MyGod!Dearme!LessercategoriesIdentifyingPartofSpeechHuddleston,R(1984).IntroductiontotheGrammarofEnglish.Cambridge:Cam
7、bridgeUniversityPressThesyntacticcategoryoftheword.ForexampleTheboyatethemahak.(X)Theboywillmahakit.(X)Theboyfeelsverymahak.(V)Describingthepartofspeechoftheword:Mahakis______.anoun;averb;anadjectiveanadjectiveTheSyntacticCategoryoftheWordcat
