宏观语用学-言语行为理论.ppt

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1、6.3Macropragmatics宏观语用学SpeechacttheoryTheCooperativePrinciple(CP)ThepolitenessPrinciple(PP)一.二.三.Speechacttheory言语行为理论1.Illocutionaryacts[ilə'kju:ʃənəri]2.Classificationofillocutionaryacts3.Indirectspeechacts1.Illocutionaryacts(言外行为)[ilə'kju:ʃənəri]Basically,the

2、ybelievethatlanguageisnotonlyusedtoinformortodescribethings,itisoftenusedto"dothings",toperformacts.ProposedbyA.L.AustinDevelopedbyJ.R.SearleSearle约翰·罗杰斯·希尔勒Forexample:Ifyouworkinacompanywherethebosshastheoverwhelmingpower,thenthebossutteranceismorethanjustastat

3、ement.Youarefired.Thisutterancecanbeusedtoperformtheactofendingyouremployment.IherebynamethisshipRedFlag.ActionsperformedviautterancesarecalledspeechactsandinEnglishtheseactsarecommonlygivenmorespeciallabels,suchasapology,complaint,compliment，invitation,promiseo

4、rrequest.Inallthesecasesabove,theutteringoftherelevantwordsitself;withouttheutterancetheactionisnotdone.Thesearecalledperformativesentencesandtheverbsusedarecalledperformativeverbs.Ipromisetobethereatnineo'clock.Iapologize.Itisarguedthatevennon-performativesente

5、ncesareusetoperformacts.Forinstance:Insaying"It'ssuchafinedaytoday."someonemaybeperformingtheactofsuggestinganouting..anoutingSoitisclaimedthatallsentences,inadditiontowhatevertheymean,performspecificactionsor"dothings"throughhavingspecificforces.Austinsuggestst

6、hreebasicsensesinwhichinsayingsomethingoneisdoingsomethingandthreekindsofactsareperformedsimultaneously.Threekindsofactions:(1)Locutionaryact(言内行为):theactofsaying,theliteralmeaningoftheutterance;(2)Illocutionaryact(言外行为):theextrameaningoftheutteranceproducedonth

7、ebasisofitsliteralmeaning;(3)Perlocutionaryact(言后行为):theeffectoftheutteranceonthehearer,dependingonspecificcircumstances.(一)“以言指事”(locution)---说话本身及由此而产生的语义学意义；(二)“以言行事”(illocution)---用话来做事或传递交际意图；(三)“以言成事”(perlocution)---说话后改变世界和产生效果。It'sstuffyinhere.Thereisn't

8、enoughfreshairinhere.Arequestofthehearertoopenthewindow.Thehearer'sopeningthewindoworhisrefusaltodoso.LocutionaryactIllocutionaryactPerlocutionaryactWhatspeechacttheo